Gorky Automobile Shuka. Tarihi na mota. Automotive Industry a Rasha

Yau yana da wuya a kwatanta rayuwarmu ba tare da wata mota. Suka ciccika duk hanyoyi, shi ne ba kawai wani tasiri hanyar da sauri samun daga batu A to auna B, amma kuma babban damar safarar kaya ko manyan yawan fasinjoji. Ina son magana game da abin da shi ne ƙwarai Gorky mota shuka, da kuma yadda wani janar mota masana'antu ci gaba a Rasha. Yi imani da ni, akwai wani abu don magana game, saboda da farko motoci na ta kansa samar a Rasha ya bayyana na dogon lokaci.

shigarwa

Domestic mota tarihi ya fara da baya a 1896, lokacin da mutane suka ga na farko Rasha mota. Ya na da wani ciki konewa engine kuma ta designers zaci Yakovlev da Frese. A 1930 a Nizhny Novgorod (yanzu birnin Gorky) Naz kamfanin da aka kafa, wanda aka daga baya sake masa suna zuwa gas. A shuka samar biyu fasinja da kuma sufurin kaya mota iri karkashin lasisi aka riga aka sani, alhãli kuwa Ford Motors Company. Yana Gorky Automobile Shuka a kwanakin zama tushen tsarin da motocin. Riga ta 1938 Tarayyar Soviet ta yi hu ~~ asa, tun lokacin da gas, tare da sauran karami kamfanonin (YAGAZ, CMM, da dai sauransu) zai zo daga kan saman a samar da manyan motoci cikin Turai. Ko kafin yakin duniya na biyu da jihar ta bayar da fiye da miliyan daya da motoci, wanda shi ne a wancan lokaci babban adadin. Lalle ne shĩ, sosai farkon yakin ragae ci gaban masana'antu.

A cikin 70 na aka tashi da wani m saki sojojin manyan motoci da sauran nauyi kayan aiki. Fiye da 600 000 motocin a shekara samar Volga mota shuka located in Togliatti. Yana da yake a wadannan sau akwai abin da ake kira "Zhiguli" da "Niva" - hudu-dabaran drive motocin ne dadi. Riga daya mafi m shuka da aka gina a shekarar 1976 - "KAMAZ". A wani talakawan shekara ta samar da 150,000 raka'a manyan motoci da kuma game da 250 000 raka'a dizal injuna.

Yadda za a ci gaba da Rasha mota masana'antu?

Amma ga ci gaban da tattalin arziki kai tsaye a Rasha, da rikicin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1992. Yawan manyan motoci samar da shuka ya auku ta 5-6 sau, jama'a kai ya zama kasa mai factor na 10, da kuma motocin fasinja kashe da bel na 30% kasa. Amma a cikin Rasha mota masana'antu ne a hankali kunno kai daga wani deplorable halin da ake ciki. Alal misali, Gaz da kuma Vaz sun iya saki ko fiye sabon model, kamar Vaz-2110, Gaz-3110 "Volga" da sauransu. Ne mafi kusanta zuwa 2000s akwai wani sananne "Lada Kalina" a 2118, Gaz 31105 "Volga" / Gaz-2117 da kuma sauran model. Duk da haka, rikicin ba a shawo kan gaba daya. Domin wannan sauki dalilin, mafi yawan Rasha mota masana'antu ya zazzaga a ci, wanda ya kafa a sakamakon Holdings Gaz Group (da "Ruspromavto") da kuma "Sollers".

By 2002, rayayye fara samar da waje motoci. Aƙalla rabin abin da aka saki (more daidai, game da 42%) sun waje model (motoci). Sufurin kaya, ma, da aka gudanar a kasuwar rabo daga kimanin 8% da kuma bas - 10%. Saboda gaskiya cewa yawan kamfanonin ketare alhakin samar da taro na kai a cikin ƙasa na Rasha Federation, a 2009, mai kaifi karuwa a cikin rabo na kin amincewa a kan shigo da motoci a kasuwannin cikin gida da ya zama ya fi girma. Babu shakka, da mota-tushen ƙawance ne da amfani ga ci gaban masana'antu na mota. Wannan ya shafi duka tallace-tallace da kuma iri shahararsa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa za mu iya ce tare da amincewa da cewa masana'antu na mota a Rasha za su samu nasarar ci gaba da bunkasa tare da goyon bayan kasashen waje da kamfanoni.

A tarihin Gorky Automobile Shuka

Wannan kamfanin da aka kafa V. I. Molotovym a 1932. A shuka samar da wani fasinja kayan aiki, kazalika da Vans da haske manyan motoci. Ko kafin shekarar 2005, kamfanin sarrafa a matsayin "OJSC" Gorky Automobile Shuka, amma a cikin shakka daga manyan-sikelin sake fasalin kudin ya kafa wata na biyu samar da kaya da fasinja kayan aiki, wanda ya zama sunan wani LLC "gas". 4 Bayan shekaru, a shekarar 2009, akwai wani akan rage aiki da ma'aikatan da aka aza kashe 2000 ma'aikata, bar game da 25 000 mutane. A halin yanzu, "Gaz Group" ya ƙunshi dama rarrabuwa - da "Automotive aka gyara", "Hur da motoci." A kashi na farko na preform samar, cewa shi ne duk da cewa za a iya sayar. An adana a cikin sito. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne ƙafafun, tuƙi sunadaran, da kuma babbar mota, kuma mafi. Game da na biyu division, wannan ikon automaker "Gaz" domin samar da fasinja kayan aiki.

A farko, saki da samar line na ma'aikata a 1932 - truck Naz-AA (Gaz-AA) (1.5 ton). Da cewa wannan shekarar, da zanen kaya suka fara samar sedan Naz-A, wanda yana da wani biyar-wurin zama jiki. Riga ta 1933 da Gorky Automobile Shuka ta fito da bas Gaz-03-30. Yawan kujerun da aka 17 guda. A 1934, an taru a 2-ton truck Gaz-AAA, kuma a lokaci guda - truck Gaz-410. By 1938, taron line gangara Gaz-MM - truck cewa fariyar hamsin "dawakai" karkashin kaho. A daidai wannan lokaci da aka tsara, kuma ya sa a cikin aiki ambulances Gaz-55 da kuma Gaz-60 tare da karin permeability saboda da yin amfani da waƙoƙi.

Ci gaba a cikin shekaru 1941-1945

A lokacin fadan, "Gaz" da aka gaba daya gyara domin samar da kayan aikin soji. Domin da farko lokacin da samar fasinja soja hawa Gaz-64, da kuma ta Oktoba da shi da aka tsara ta shahara haske tank T-60. Its zane da aka inganta fiye da sau daya domin ya kara yi, to iya abũbuwan amfãni a fama. An yi imani da cewa a lokacin yaki da factory ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi iko cikin sharuddan yi, don haka akwai babban adadin kayan da ake modified, a Bugu da kari, makamai da kuma T-60. Bayan kamar wata biyu da aka gina T-70, wanda nan da nan ya zama daya daga cikin mafi used a cikin Red Army. Idan muka magana game wanda a lokacin yaki sun mota cibiyoyin, biyu daga cikin mafi girma - yana da "gas" da kuma Moscow shuka №37. Ga shi ne kullum samar da haske da kayan aiki, kamar BA-64B, BA-64, kazalika da fasinja mota duk ƙasa Gaz-67.

A mafi nasara aiki da shuka injiniyoyi ya tank T-80, da Babban amfani wadda ta ƙunshi a wani biyu hasumiya. Saboda haka, drawback an shafe ta da T-70 wanda ya daya kawai tabo. Yana da aka nan da nan kaddamar da samar da Su-12 - kai-propelled manyan bindigogi. A bu mai kyau a lura da cewa aikin injiniya shuka designers aka kullum tasowa, da kuma gashi sa ido motocin, wanda domin dalilai da yawa da ya ba ya shigo cikin aiki. A lokacin yakin, Nazi Jamus bamai "Gaz" game 7 sau. Overall, fiye da 50 da gine-gine da kayan aiki da aka halaka. Fiye da 30 000 mutane sun yi aiki a kan sabuntawa na aiwatar sarkar, shi yiwuwa a kawai kwanaki 100. Bayan nasarar da shuka aka bayar da Order of Red Banner, Lenin da mindar na karimci, na Great Patriotic War na farko mataki.

Ci gaba a cikin post-yaki shekaru (1946-1960)

Don ce cewa nan da nan bayan da yaki ya fara maye gurbin kayan aiki, - in faɗi kõme. Kusan duk abin da aka yi amfani da kafin yaki, zubar da nan da nan gano samar da sabon mota model. Alal misali, a truck zo da Gaz-51 mota "Nasara" M-20 a shekarar 1946. Ba shi yiwuwa ba a lura a saki ƙasa abin hawa Gaz-47, wanda aka koma a kan waƙoƙi kuma yana da manyan giciye. By game da 1949 Jeep designers ɓullo da farko samfur - da Gaz-69, wanda ya samu gagarumar nasara. sedan "ZIM" An halicci bayan shi. Ya kasance cikin zartarwa aji, saboda haka, iya irin motocin iya kawai raka'a. Rayayye samar manyan motoci Gaz-52.53, ya lashe a shekara ta 1952 a birnin Brussels, Grand Prix da yawa wasu lambobin yabo. A wannan lambar yabo da aka sanya wa Gaz-21 "Volga" Gaz-13.

A lokacin 1953, rayayye ɓullo da wani dadi SUV. A matsayin samfur amfani Gaz-69, da kuma cikin mota da kanta da aka sunan da M-72. A 56th shekara na "nasara" da aka maye gurbinsu da Gaz-21, wanda ya zama Popular a tsakanin yawan jama'a, kamar yadda ya dace, mai iko ne kuma abin dogara na'ura. Tare da wannan, tsara ta uku dauki manyan motoci kamar gas-56, wanda zai iya kawo har zuwa 1.5 ton. A mafi yawan iko wani Gaz-53 - har zuwa 3.5 ton. Tana da sallama mai yawa na kayan aiki da ba bar taron jama'a line for wasu dalilai mabambanta. Zarge shi da dukan lahani da vulnerabilities model. A wannan Gaz-52.53 aka bayar ga 4 shekaru kuma sun zazzaga da yawa gyare-gyare.

Wannan aka bayar a 1961-1991 shekaru?

By 1960, cikakken sabunta kan soja motocin line. A taron line sun gas-52 gas gas-53 da kuma 66-. Ga na ƙarshe biyu motoci farko ya fara da shigar da sabon ikon raka'a, kamar fetur engine V8, wanda aka bambanta da babban iko. Tuni a cikin shekaru 70 a cikin mota Gaz-24 "Volga" da aka kaddamar taro samar, wanda ya zo ya maye gurbin 21-th model. The 77-shekara zo kashe taron line sanannen "The tsuntsun seagull" Gaz-14. Wannan sedan bambanta ba kawai high AMINCI amma kuma wani isasshen matakin na ta'aziyya, kazalika da high yi. By 1973, an halitta ta cikin "gas", wanda hada da 11 da shuke-shuke rassan. Game da gagarumin inganci "Volga" fara da ƙarshen 70s, kazalika da inganta magadanmu na manyan motoci.

A 81 ga watan shekara na samar line "Gaz" ya tafi goma-milyan mota. Godiya ga sosai m ma'aikata su iya ci gaba iska-sanyaya engine (dizal), wanda aka amfani a kan truck Gaz-4301. Shugabannin a 1980s ya dauka a alhakin yanke shawara don canzawa zuwa dizal samarwa. A wannan hasashe, ya zama dole ya rike wani taro maimaitawa. A farko injuna bar taron jama'a layi a 1993. Hakika, a cikin 'yan shekaru ka iya ganin stagnation, wanda aka halin kananan bugu. Alal misali, marigayi model "Volga" Gaz-3102 aka bayar a cikin adadin da dama dala dubu a shekara. Domin da farko lokacin da bukatun kananan kasuwanci designers aiki a kan truck yin la'akari 3.5 tons. Gorky Automobile Shuka ya yi amfani da CAD zane tsarin, kazalika da kara gwaji bayar kai, wanda a yarda da sauri isa ya nuna sabon model.

Tarihi a 1992-2000 shekara, da shuka

Nan da nan bayan rushewar tarayyar soviet suka fara rikici mai zurfi. Yana da wuya a ce yadda da ci gaban da Rasha mota masana'antu a wannan lokaci, amma abu daya ne wasu: da Gorky shuka shi ne daya daga cikin na farko zuwa daidaita zuwa sabon kasuwar yanayi, wanda a yarda da shi zauna da ninkaya. Samar motoci ta amfani da asali dizal injuna da iska sanyaya. A da model Gaz-3306, 3309 da kuma 4301. Duk da haka, ba tare da bayyana goyon bayan irin wannan motocin da kadan bukatar cewa wa'adi da babban hasarori. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda shi ya iya dan kadan kara tallace-tallace na "Volga", game da 2 sau. Designers halitta na farko-kori-kura - "Volga" Gaz-2304 ", wanda aka kira" Burlak ". Amma ba dukan kai shuka ya da wani rabo, kamar kasuwanci-aji sedan 3105 kusan bai saya shi saboda unreasonably high farashin. Wannan ya jera saboda gaskiyar cewa kai na kasashen waje yi aka aiwatar da zurfi da kuma haifar da gasar ga m motoci.

sanannen "barewa" ya bayyana a cikin 94th shekara. Babban nauyin da abin hawa da aka 3.5 tons. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan tsari shine daya daga cikin rare dukan lokaci da sha'anin. Yana da aka rayayye yi amfani da bukatun kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized kasuwanci, kazalika ga sauran dalilai. Kwararru da yawa imani da cewa shi ne "barewa" Ya tsĩrar da kamfanin daga fatarar da damar da shi don samar da wani barga matsayi a kasuwa. Tun da masana'antu na mota a Rasha bai tsaya cik, kuma akwai da yawa daga gasar, shi ya wajaba don ƙirƙirar wani abu da zai iya tada tattalin arziki da shuka. Shi ne mai minibus Gaz-32213 "barewa". A watan Disamba 95th, da Gorky Automobile Shuka ta fito da goma sha biyar milyan mota.

Sananne events for 2000-2010

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a shekarar 2000, da shuka kan gungumen azaba da aka sayi manyan kamfanin da ake kira "Basic Sinadarin". Rike "RusPromAvto" an halitta, da kuma "Gaz Group". Yau da shuka shi ne daya daga cikin manyan mukamai a yi motoci a Rasha. A reorganization da za'ayi a shekara ta 2001, a yarda a fara samar da wani jeri na pickups da SUVs, "Ataman". Amma saboda rashin kudade mafi yawan ayyukan ba materialize. A kudi duba yarda a shigar da m matakin (a karon farko a cikin shekaru goma). Da yawa da hankali ne ya biya zuwa sauki management na kai yin la'akari har zuwa 3.5 tons. By 2005, muhimmanci ƙara da bukatar manyan motoci Gaz-3307, 3309. A domin rage tazarar da daga manyan masana'antun, an yi amfani da kwarewa daga cikin wadannan guda kamfanoni.

An yanke shawarar fadada harkokin kasuwanci, da cewa shi ne, to sayar da iskar gas ba kawai a kan ƙasa na Rasha Federation da kasashe makwabta, amma kuma a cikin CIS kasashe. Wannan zai ba da damar da shuka don zama daya daga cikin mafi girma da 'yan wasan a cikin duniya mota kasuwar. Designers halitta bas da kuma kayayyakin gyara daga bareyi, wanda ya zo daga Ingila (SKD). Duk da haka, ba a aka tsaya, da kuma aikin rayuwa kasa fassara daga fatarar da kamfanin ya aka rage girmanta LDV. A kan dukan, 2010 juya ta zama quite nasara a kwatanta da baya daya. Yana da aka saki a ranar 78% fiye da motoci (70 300 raka'a) da kuma 61% - kasuwanci. Aikawa za'ayi a fiye da kasashe 30.

rikicin tattalin arzikin

A 2008 zo rikici mai zurfi. Kamar 'yan watanni akwai matsaloli tare da sayar da kaya. Sites sun cikakken lodi, shi ne domin wannan sauki dalilin na'ura mai tsaya sau da yawa. Bukatar bai yi amfani da ko da da "gas" juji truck, dizal wanda ya ba kawai da ingancin, amma kuma mun gwada tattali. Saboda rikicin soma wajibi matakan, misali, game da 10 000 mutanen da aka aza kashe. A shekara ta 2009, mun shirya su aiwatar da dogon-jiran aiki domin samar da Volga Siber. Amma kamar yadda ya juya waje, a yi, ya kasance m. Tare da na'ura mai sauko duk sedans a 1718, da kuma gane shi kasa da rabin - 418 guda. Har ila yau, saboda rikicin a 2009, da shuka da aka sayar a kasar Birtaniya, inda ta samar da motoci Maxus iri. A hankali, da samfurin da aka samu daga Rasha kasuwar. Don ko ta yaya ƙara yawan tallace-tallace, da farashin da raya "barewa" da aka ragu zuwa 6000 daloli. Amma shi bai taimaka, shi gudanar da sayar da kawai 600 motoci.

Bayan haka, kokarin fita daga cikin rikicin ba a kan, da kuma a karon farko ya fara serial samar da motoci daga cikin iri "Gazel-Business." Auto da wani yawan gyare-gyare da kuma gwada da araha price, wanda aka dan kadan janyo hankalin mai saye. da kuma sauran matakan da aka dauka, wanda sanya shi yiwuwa a tsara a layi kadan tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki - shi ne babban mataki, wanda ya yi Gorky Automobile Shuka. "Gaz" ya haifar da wata dizal gyara na mota "Gazel-Business." Kuma riga a 2010, designers fara tsara wani 4-ton truck da wani engine damar 3.8 lita. Sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Daimler a kan batun a marigayi Disamba, Mercedes-Benz da dan tseren «Gaz" a wurare.

ƙarshe

Kamar yadda ka gani, da tarihi na Gorky Automobile Shuka ne quite m, kuma da farin ciki, da kuma cewa shi ba ya kawo karshen. Gaskiyar ita ce, a halin yanzu da "Gaz Group" shi ne mafi girma manufacturer na kasuwanci motocin, mota gyara, kazalika da musamman kayan aiki a kan ƙasa na Rasha Federation. Game da yan aukuwa, shi rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a shekara ta 2011 tare da damuwa game da samar da GM Ford Aveo a wuraren da "Gaz". Summer aka sanya hannu a kwangila ga wani tsawon lokaci na shekaru 8 - Volkswagen Group da kuma "Gaz" sanya wata yarjejeniya zuwa tsirar 110.000 motoci a kowace shekara. Tuni a shekarar 2013 da serial samar saki "barewa Next». Da farko shi ya shirya ya ci gaba da wani taro line na 50 motocin da rana, sa'an nan kara da cewa yawan tripled don fitarwa zuwa Turkey, Poland da kuma sauran ƙasashe. A halin da ake ciki tattalin arziki ne barga isa, kuma duk da bututu aiki, don haka tallace-tallace da ake sa ran ya zama aiki. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, da tarihi na mota masana'antu wannan ba wani karshen. Bari mu fatan cewa cikin gida masana'antun za a yarda da mu sabon ban mamaki inji.