Gray gandun daji kasa: halaye, yanayin samuwar, Properties

A kore massifs inda m-Leaved jinsin girma, kafa m gandun daji kasa. Halitta yanki na su location - fannin matsakaici nahiyar sauyin yanayi. Waɗannan su ne wuraren da akwai babban adadin rana kwanaki da babu ruwan sama.

baza

Gray gandun daji kasa ana ayi a kan sararin yankuna na Rasha. Sararin yankuna da suka zauna a cikin Canada da Amurka. Wannan steppe zone iyaka zuwa arewa da boreal yankuna, kuma a kudu - daga steppe yankin.

Gray gandun daji kasa a cikin ƙasa na Rasha, shi ne a ci gaba da tsiri na Turai na kasar. An same su a cikin sararin yanki daga Ukrainian iyaka zuwa cikin Ural Mountains. Ansu rubuce-rubucen da launin toka gandun daji kasa da kuma yankin ayi da ɗan zuwa gabas, da Altai. Wannan shi ne yankin na West Siberian Bayyana. Yankin ƙasar da launin toka ƙasa - shi ne 3.5% na jimlar yankin na Rasha Federation. Kasa ne a look at abin da su ne m gandun daji kasa. Halaye a Rasha waɗannan ƙasashe da su babban amfani a cikin harkokin noma ma za a rufe a cikin wannan labarin.

taimako

A dukan hali na wuri mai faɗi yankin da aka gano m kasa na filayen. A Turai na gandun daji-steppe bayyana ne steeply gangaren kuma undulating. A Asia, kuma, ko da tare da lebur yankunan. A cikin gandun daji akwai wata cibiyar sadarwa na gullies da kuma ravines. Irin wannan taimako kuma rinjayar da halaye na launin toka gona, saboda godiya ga shi, akwai wata halitta magudanun yankin.

yanayin samuwar

Ta yaya ne m gandun daji kasa? ilimi yanayi na su ne mafi kyau duka kawai ga nahiyar sauyin yanayi. Wannan ne talakawan shekara-shekara iska zazzabi da bakwai da digiri a yankunan dake yammacin zuwa debe hudu da rabi zuwa gabas. Har ila yau, da samuwar ƙasar rinjayar wani adadin shortfall a ruwan sama a lokacin shekara. A cikin West na Ural Mountains ne 500-600 mm, da kuma gabashin wadannan ridges - 300 mm. A wannan yanayin, akwai wani daidaita rabo na hazo da kuma evaporation. A ko'ina cikin ƙasa, inda kafa m gandun daji kasa, ya lura guda talakawan zafin jiki a watan Yuli. Sun yi har 19-20 digiri.

Gray gandun daji kasa suna kafa a karkashin ciyayi wakilta grassy deciduous gandun daji. West daga cikin Dnieper, su ne itacen oak da hornbeam abun da ke ciki. Don gabas, da Urals, a cikin gandun daji na itatuwan oak, da lindens girma. Wani lokaci akwai wani ash. Gabas na Ural dutsen kewayon aka mamaye Aspen kuma Birch gandun daji. Bugu da ari, ga Trans-Baikal yankin, akwai wani larch.

Saboda da babban nauyi na zuriyar dabbobi deciduous itatuwa da wasu kaddarorin m gandun daji gona. Faye hali na abun da ke ciki na nuna wani mai babban abun ciki na alli da ash yayan. Duk wadannan abubuwa suna ciyar da a cikin ƙasa da zuriyar dabbobi, wanda taro bisa ga masana kimiyya, shi ne daga 70 zuwa 90 quintals a kowace kadada.

A kan ƙasa na gandun daji-steppe gona-kafa kankara ake wakilta loams. Wannan carbonate adibas.

A cikin sharuddan herbaceous broadleaf gandun daji a cikin ƙasa zo biyu main tafiyar matakai. Ba tare da su, za mu iya ba da aka kafa m gandun daji kasa. Feature-kafa Layer ne kai tsaye related to wadannan matakai. A farko daya faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da downward kwarara ruwa daga fadowa a ƙasa hazo. A sakamakon wannan tsari ne a bayar da ƙasa kayayyakin da su weathering na kankara a cikin ƙananan yadudduka. Wani lokaci da duk wadannan abubuwa suna canza kama zuwa yadudduka, daga baƙin yumɓu.

A na biyu, daidai da muhimmanci tsari, saboda gaskiyar cewa m gandun daji kasa suna kafa a karkashin deciduous itatuwa da ciyawa. Matattu shuka arzikin ma'adinai abubuwa, ajiye a cikin sama Layer a cikin nau'i na Organic sharan. A surface yadudduka na kasar gona humus aka kafa. Wannan Layer ne mai arziki organo-ma'adinai abubuwa, daure su alli. Don a kananan har a cikin gandun daji da kuma wuce podzol tsari. Yana wadãtar da babba yadudduka na kasar gona sesquioxides da magnesium oxides, alli, da yawa wasu abubuwa.

tsarin

Gray gandun daji kasa (a duba kasa photo) ya gabatar biyar yadudduka.

Marinjãya na su na da wani kauri daga 3 cm. Wannan zuriyar dabbobi, kunsha na neperegnivshey matattu da ciyawa da kuma mace-mace. Next ne mafi iko grainy m Layer, wanda kauri -. 12 cm Yana an kafa daga humus, kuma yana da sako-sako da tsarin. A zurfin na uku Layer -. 12 cm A kasar gona canza launin nutty ko haske launin toka launi. A wannan Layer akwai impregnations na silica da kuma humus. Next, kasar gona zama ruwan kasa ya dafa. A wannan Layer, inda da tara organo baƙin ƙarfe mahadi sukan samu m blotches. A wadannan ne iyaye abu da rawaya-kasa-kasa launi.

Na launin toka gona da irin ware irin wannan subtypes:

• haske launin toka.
• m.
• duhu launin toka.

Wannan rarrabuwa dogara a kan yanayin da a ci gaba a cikin ƙasa Podzolization tafiyar matakai.

Chemical halaye na launin toka kasa

A abun da ke ciki da kuma adadin micro- da macroelements, ya dogara da yanayi na samuwar duk yadudduka sararin sama. Mene ne sinadaran Properties na launin toka gandun daji kasa? Halayyar samu a binciken da na yi su ruwa-ruwa bayani, shi damar yin magana da samuwa acidic kuma weakly acidic dauki. Bugu da ƙari, sakamakon awon bincike ya nuna low jikewa wannan kasa sansanonin da kuma rage adadin a farkon biyu sãsanni lãka barbashi.

Gudanar da sinadaran da bincike ne isa ya nuna hakikanin gaskiyar zuwa wani subtype ne wasu m gandun daji kasa. Halayyar su ne daban-daban. Saboda haka, duhu launin toka gandun daji kasa sun tara babban adadin humus. Suka sami ruwan dare na humic acid a kan fulfokislotami. Abin da kuma shi ne daban-daban duhu launin toka gandun daji ƙasa? Faye hali na wannan a sakamakon sinadaran bincike, ya tabbatar da jari na alli a cikinsa. Wannan abu ne a cikin sama sararin sama.

Halaye na wani m gandun daji gona sakamakon aiwatar da sinadaran bincike, na nuna talauci na ta babba yadudduka na sesquioxides da kuma gagarumin enrichment a silica. Wannan ya tabbatar da abun da ke ciki na podzolization tsari. Wannan ne mafi fili da aka bayyana a wani haske launin toka kasa subtype. Kadan - a duhu launin toka. Dangane da subtype na kasar gona da kuma samun daban-daban sinadaran Properties. Alal misali, haske launin toka mallaka acidic. A wannan suna ba daban-daban tushe jikewa.

Halaye na launin toka gandun daji kasa nuna cewa wannan subtype kuma yana da wani acid dauki. A lokaci guda akwai wasu unsaturated sansanonin. Duk da haka, shi ya bayyana kasa da cewa daga haske launin toka subtype.

The uku irin gona yana da mafi m sinadaran Properties. Dark launin toka kasa da weakly acidic dauki da kuma babban jikewa sansanonin. Bugu da kari, su tsarin lura high humus abun ciki, phosphorus, alli da nitrogen.

Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa ga waɗanda ake karatu da launin toka gandun daji kasa halayyar.

A tebur da cewa ya bada jerin sunayen duk kaddarorin da daban-daban subtypes zai ba da damar mafi tuna da dukan data samu ta hanyar bincike.

jiki bayani dalla-dalla

Kadarorin kasa steppe sashi ne sun fi mayar dogara a kan abun ciki na humus. The jiki halaye na launin toka ƙasa rinjayar da irin zane na farko tushen dutse.

A babba sãsanni data rabo da wani babban porosity a matsayin babban matsayin 60%. Kamar yadda muka matsa saukar da ƙasa profile yawa ƙaruwa. Wannan shi ne saboda wani karu a cikin taro na humus. A data na jiki Properties wasu bambance-bambance dangane da subtype daga wadannan kasa. Saboda haka, a cikin wani duhu-m kankara na da yawa daga cikin subsurface har ma da karami. Wannan shi ne saboda high humus abun ciki da kuma a mafi pronounced structuring.

Daya daga cikin jiki halaye ne da yawa daga cikin illuvial sãsanni. All subtypes na launin toka kasa shi ne quite high. Its darajar kai daga 1.5 zuwa 1,65 grams da cubic santimita. Tare da girmamawa ga total porosity, shi ne a cikin kewayon daga 50 zuwa 60%. A cikin babba yadudduka - daga 40 zuwa 45%. porosity halayyar a wani haske launin toka subtype o ƙarin capillary irin. Wannan yanayin rage permeability na kasar gona.

Amma ga duhu launin toka subtype, ta jiki Properties ne mafi m. Wannan ƙasa Layer ne halin manyan ruwa iya aiki, wanda damar dukan shuka duniya to sami wata bukata sosai-ruwa a gare shi. Gray da haske launin toka subtypes ƙasar kurmi zone wajen hana wa mallaka jiki halaye. Wannan low humus abun ciki, da kuma karamin kaso na sludge, da kuma manyan adadin silt kasarun adadi. Duk wadannan halaye taimaka obesstrukturirovaniyu babba yadudduka na sararin sama bayan plowing. Irin wannan ƙasashe iyo da sauri da kuma ɓawon burodi samuwar auku a farfajiya.

A microstructure na daban-daban subtypes na launin toka kasa ne sabanin juna da kuma ruwa-juriya. Alal misali, haske launin toka bayyanar bayan noma da sauri shãfe haske. Wannan shi ne saboda a gaskiya wannan subtype an kiyaye gaban ƙasa ruwa-resistant aggregates cewa ne ya fi girma fiye da 0.25 mm.

nazarin halittu halaye

Humus ƙasa accumulates launin toka a cikin sãsanni da kuma babba wakiltar wani dukan kungiyar na da alaka da high-kwayoyin mahadi. Yana nazarin halittu bangaren - babban sashi daga cikin kwayoyin Layer farko profile. Shi yana da yawa phosphorus, nitrogen da sauran abubuwa. humus samuwar daukan wurin wani deciduous shuka da kuma hambarar da, kazalika da tushen da matattu shuke-shuke da gudummawar kwayoyin.

thermal yanayi

A cewar wannan nuna alama m gandun daji kasa Properties ne quite m. Na dogon lokaci, wanda yana daga watan Afrilu zuwa watan Disamba, a kusa da su profile akwai wani tabbatacce zazzabi. Daskarewa ya auku tare da farko na hunturu, da kuma wani lokacin Janairu. By Afrilu Layer zurfin 50 zuwa 70 cm an riga gaba daya thawed.

A cikin tsakiyar da kuma yammacin gandun daji-steppe sashi daga cikin gona facies nasa ne da subtype zafi wadata. Ga za ka iya tsayar da lokaci-lokaci daskarewa da kuma thawing daga cikin manya Layer, a lokacin hunturu lokaci.

Wani thermal tsarin mulki na kasa da hankula ga Western Siberia. Ga akwai wata mudda ta misãlin yadudduka sararin sama. Bugu da kari, tare da zuwan spring gona thawed sannu a hankali. Wannan shi ne saboda da tsananin frosts, kazalika da kananan snow. Field aiki a cikin wadannan yankunan fara zuwa a za'ayi kawai a watan Mayu. Duk da haka, a wannan lokaci, a ƙananan matakan ko subzero yanayin zafi ana kiyaye.

iska yanayin

Wannan halayyar ne mai sa na babban adadin mamaki. Kuma duk sun haɗa da isowa daga iska gona da kuma ta kara motsi a kan shi, kazalika da amfani. Wannan ne ma sabon abu na gas musayar cewa ya auku tsakanin yadudduka na sararin sama da kewaye yanayi.

Ƙasa iska tare da isowa na gaba kakar jurewa da wasu canje-canje na abun da ke ciki. Kuma a cikin babba yadudduka da wannan tsari ne yafi tsanani.

ruwa gwamnatin

Gray gandun daji kasa ne halin da lokaci zuwa lokaci wanke da irin nuna alama. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, m hazo da dama a cikin kaka moisturize ƙasa kawai 50 cm. Zuzzurfan danshi ratsa a lokacin da spring narke. A wannan batun, da kauri daga cikin wetting na kasar gona ya dogara da ikon da kuma hunturu cover dake kwarara meltwater.

Wasu halaye na ruwa gwamnatin na lura a yankunan da karko ƙasa. A nan, matsakaicin asarar danshi a lokacin rani iya zama 20% da murfin Layer na kasar gona da ciwon kauri mita.

A gaba daya daban-daban ruwa tsarin mulki na ƙasa suna located in gandun daji yankunan. Ga mai girma jari na snow auku a hunturu. A wannan batun, a cikin bazara da ƙasa ne moistened yafi tsanani. Daga bisani, duk da haka, shi yana amfani da mai zurfi tushen tsarin itatuwa. Wannan ta kafe cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin na 4 zuwa 5 mita.

gina jiki matsayi

Mafi m Properties na nuna alama da duhu launin toka gandun daji gona. Bã su da wani babban halitta haihuwa saboda da manyan adadin ba a humus, phosphorus da nitrogen.

M yanayin ƙasa dogara a kan ta namo da kuma taki aikace-aikace. A irin haka ne, da babba yadudduka na sararin sama za su dauke da mafi yawan amfani abubuwa.

A kan gina jiki gwamnatin kasa musababin da abun ciki na hydrolyzable nitrogen. Musamman talakawa a cikin wannan kashi na haske launin toka gona. Daya daga ƙasar haihuwa fihirisa ne gaban a su na samuwa phosphorus. Matsakaicin adadin wannan kashi ne a residually calcareous kasa.

Summer kakar taimaka don kunna sinadaran, nazarin halittu da kuma sauran matakai da faruwa a arable kasa. A tsakiyar dumi kakar akwai wani karuwa a hydrolytic da exchangeable acidity. A wannan connection, shi rage gona jikewa sansanonin.

A amfani da tattalin arziki aiki

A cikin agro-masana'antu hadaddun na kasar shi ne yadu hannu yankin a cikin abin da akwai m gandun daji kasa. The takin gargajiya na ƙasar damar mutane zuwa nasarar girma su daban-daban amfanin gona. Bugu da kari, da launin toka gandun daji kasa da su wuri a cikin tsarin da makiyaya da kuma makiyaya, da kuma hayfields.

The horar da yankunan domin horar da noma steppe bazara da kuma hunturu alkama, masara da sukari gwoza, flax, dankalin turawa, da kuma kamar. D. A Turai gandun daji-tartsatsi noma.

A kasuwanci yawa hada da duk subtypes na launin toka gona. Wannan mutum o ƙarin don su kara haihuwa da ake ji da kewayon ayyuka. Iko m topsoil da aka halitta da hadi da ciyawa namo. Wannan inganta jiki halaye da sinadirai masu tsarin mulki na kasa, kazalika da rage ikon samar da wata ɓawon burodi a kan surface Layer. Bayan ƙasar da high acidity ga inganta su halaye ne hõre liming.

Forest namo aiwatar da launin toka da haske launin toka kasa kuma zai yiwu ga sako arable Layer. Wannan taron shi ne tare da hadi. Idan ya cancanta, gudanar da ƙasa, kuma liming.

The takin gargajiya na duhu launin toka kasa kara da tsanaki aikace-aikace na takin. Kuma kawar da su ya karu hydrolytic acidity amfani da phosphate taki.

Aikin gona da yin amfani da launin toka ƙasa yashewa kula da matakan dole ne a tare. Wannan shi ne musamman gaskiya na Turai yankin da gandun daji-steppe zone. Domin irin matakan noma ƙasa a fadin gangara, tsara maginin ridges da sauransu. D.