Duniya asalin. Daban-daban shiriritar Duniya ta asalin

A lokacin da ka zo daga farkon m safe a waje da kuma jin da snowflakes crunching underfoot ko gaishe alfijir a kan kogin a cikin zafi Yuli, yana da wuya su yi tunanin cewa da zarar kan wani lokaci kasance kõme ba kamar cewa. Babu wani abu a duk: ba snow, kuma kogi, kuma ba ciyawa, kuma ko da rana. Akwai wani m sarari a cikin abin da ake wãtsarwa ake sawa, bumping cikin juna a gagarumin gudu. Wannan lokaci ne da wuya zuwa ko ta yaya kira. Ya aikata ba prehistoric, shi ne wasu irin ahistorical: don haka inconceivably dogon da suka wuce shi ya faru, kuma haka m m sarari ya kasance sa'an nan ...

Duk da haka, asalin da Duniya ke da kakkarfan dangankata da wannan mataki na samuwar halittu. Yanayi baya ya jagoranci zuwa fitowan da wannan duniya tamu ta fara samar da daga lokacin da na Big Bang. Daban-daban shiriritar asalin na Duniya da haihuwa na duniya ya tashi a zukatan mutane tun sa'an nan, a lokacin da mutum na farko ya fara zuwa tunani a game da wurin a cikin sararin samaniya da kuma cewa akwai waje ya saba yankin.

mythology

Dukan al'ummai da labari na duniya ya auku. Sun hada da allahntaka manufa muhimmi da mythological halittar. Daga cikin hargitsi akwai na farko abin bautawa, wanda ba Yunƙurin zuwa chromosomal allahntaka mutane, da kuma dukan abin da yake: teku, ƙasar, dare da rana, mutane. Duniya asalin ra'ayi a daban-daban al'ummai sukan hade da bege na Allah don ƙirƙirar shimfiɗa, tsakanin ruwayen duniya. A daban-daban sau da camfin game da halittar duniya da aka supplemented, ko sabon versions bayyana. Alal misali, a Hindu da asalin na Duniya da kuma dukan duniya da aka gani a cikin biyar bambance-bambancen karatu. Dalili na sararin samaniya, bisa ga daban-daban Legends, dauke alfarma sauti Om, mutum na farko Purusha, bayar da na daga cikin jiki don ƙirƙirar duniya, da numfashin Maha-Vishnu. Har ila yau, kamar yadda asalin duk kasancewar abubuwa "primary zafi" da "m kwai".

cosmogony Slavs

Asalin da tsoho Slavs Duniya yawa kamar sauran mythological imani. Da farko, da sararin samaniya da aka ba da umarnin. A wannan lokaci akwai guda ɗaya kawai Allah Rod, wanda tsari da primeval hargitsi. Ya halitta ƙasa da tẽku daga fili na cikin wani sarari suKe abubuwa. Sa'an nan dansa Svarog fara tsara sarari. Ya hura rai cikin dukan duniya, Na kuma halicci mutum ya bayyana da farko mutane zuwa da dokokin da wanda ya rayu.

Ƙarƙashin rinjayar Kiristanci labari da ɗan modified. A tarihin labari game da Allah same iyo a cikin ruwan tekun Atlantika ruwan da jirgin ruwa kuma sadu da shaidan. Allah aika wani aljanin zuwa kasa daga cikin teku domin dintsi na yashi da kuma gina shi a cikin ƙasa, ta sararin.

sunan

A cikin mythological tãtsũniyõyin duniya domin shi ne saboda da kuma asalin sunan "Duniya". A tunanin magabatan duk zamani al'ummai akwai wani ra'ayin da mai siffar zobe siffar na duniya, da kuma mafi na duniya, ya yi yawa. Asalin sunan "Duniya" ne saboda, a hannu daya, tare da labari na lebur kamar saucer, tare da surface ƙasa da tẽku, Allaha a kan bayayyakinsu na giant dabbobi. Mutane daban-daban sun kasance giwaye, kunkuru ko Whale. A daya hannun, asalin kalmar "duniya" da ake dangantawa da rabo daga cikin talikai cikin uku matakan: sama, da sarari sanaki mutane da dabbobi, da kuma cikin kabari, ko underworld. Duka wadannan dalilai sun shafi bayyanar da saba nadi na duniya cikin harsuna daban daban. Asalin sunan "Duniya", a zamanin d Slavs dangantawa da ma'anonin "saukar da" da "ƙasa". The Earth - shi ne cewa a karkashin sama, kasa: gabãtarwar, akai. Kamar haka, asalin sunan "Duniya" dogara ne a kan wani fahimtar duniya na maza kamar yadda "lebur saucers" da kuma sarari located kasa da na sama mazauninka na alloli.

Bugu da kari, a cikin al'adun kakanninmu kalmar "duniya" da ake dangantawa da dukan iyali, tare da saba ƙasa. Dan hanya, kuma sau da yawa maƙiya kaddamarda matsayin m, kuma sunansa ya kama asalin. "Ga karshen duniya" - kari ma'ana "mai nisa." A zamanin d Slavs sau da yawa sanya a matsayin mulkin da matattu.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa kama Slavic tushen da kuma muhimmancin, daga abin da ya zo da sunan na duniya a cikin wasu harsunan. Kamar haka, asalin kalmar "duniya» (Earth) a cikin Turanci kuma an hade tare da manufar kasa da kasa karkashin ƙafãfunsu.

Yadda za a samu wani abu daga kõme ba

Babu shakka, na zamani kimiyya fahimtar da fitowan na sararin samaniya ne sosai daban-daban daga wadanda cewa samar da tushen duk wani addini. Yau, duk model na duniya da ake gina a kan Big Bang Theory. A cewar ta, game da 13,77 shekaru biliyan suka wuce sararin samaniya shi ne sakamakon da wuya wanda ake iya nuna a cikin fashewa da iko. A jihar da shi ya kasance har sai da wannan batu da ake kira mufuradi. A cewar ta halaye, shi ne don haka daban-daban daga kome yanzu da aka sani da cewa ko da masana kimiyya iya wuya fahimci abin da tafiyar matakai faru a shi.

Jim kadan bayan da Big Bang, duniya ta fara fadada matasa. Babbar zazzabi yi da kuma gudun ta bijiro da batun kafa barbashi ba da damar su a haɗe a cikin ya fi girma abokai. Duk da haka, kamar yadda da yawan zafin jiki na raguwa bazuwa. Sai da na ɗauki game da miliyan daya da shekaru har talikai sanyaya zuwa 4000 ° C, da kuma na farko barbashi fara samar da sunadaran. Na farko ya bayyana helium da hydrogen, bi atoms kafa da mutum abubuwa.

A mataki na gaba na sararin samaniya na wãtsarwa da gas, zarcewa shi ya fara fuskanta da kuma samar da ƙara manyan abubuwa. Sannu a hankali kafa taurari da taurari da kuma taurari. Sararin samaniya haka ya ci gaba da fadada, kuma da wannan tsari yake faruwa yanzu.

Native yanki na Milky Way

Gabatar da "The Origin na Duniya", a ajin sau da yawa fara da wani labari game da tarihin hasken rana tsarin. Yana fara game da 4.6 biliyan shekaru da suka wuce. A bayyanar mu galaxy yanki jagoranci wadanda wannan matakai, wanda a cikin sa mutane da yawa sassa na duniya da aka kafa. A Milky Way kanta bayyana game da 7-8 biliyan shekaru a baya. By da samuwar da hasken rana tsarin gravitational rushewar jagoranci wani comparatively kananan rabo daga cikin kwayoyin interstellar girgije. Fahimtar da matakai faruwa a wannan wuri na sararin samaniya - shi ne quite wani kalubale saboda su karkara a cikin lokaci. Don yin hukunci a cikin abubuwan da suka yi aiki a matsayin impetus ga samuwar hasken rana tsarin kamar yadda muka san shi, mai yiwuwa ne kawai ta hanyar gina wata ka'idar dangane da binciken na cosmic da na halitta dokokin da danganta wa] annan sun gudanar da binciken tare da abin da muka zahiri tsayar.

"Hot" cikin jarrabawa

A ƙarshen XIX karni asalin Duniya da kuma hasken rana tsarin, Taurari an rayayye karatu Chamberlain T. da kuma F. Multon. Su sa a gaba abin da ake kira zafi bane. A kan halittar ka'idar su tura wani gano yi a lokacin. Yana da aka koya cewa zurfi a ƙasa Duniya ta surface ne a zahiri daraja a jahannama zafi: a subsurface yanayin zafi har zuwa 1000 ° C.

"Hot" cikin jarrabawa posits cewa Duniya, kamar sauran taurari, asali ne mai ja-zafi ball, wanda shi ne sai a hankali ya fara kwantar. Bayyanar da wadannan zafi clots al'amarin bayyana matasa rãnã da martani tare da sauran, m, a ƙarfi gravitational janye abu. Star gudanar a gwada kusa da kusanci ga luminary. A sakamakon haka, tsakanin su da shi kafa wani irin gada, kunsha na abu na biyu wani sarari suKe jikinsu. A hankali taurari tarwatsa, da gada rushewarta a cikin raba zafi "tun fil azal" kwayoyin halitta, da ake kira planetesimals. Su daga baya ya zama taurari da kuma tauraron dan adam, ana yanzu da aka sani.

Da farko, shi ne sanyi

Duk da haka, wannan ba kawai ka'idar cewa ya bayyana asalin Duniya. Shiriritar a duniyar kimiyya an fara mamaye a lokacin da ya bayyana a manyan yawan bayyane facts. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na karshe, ilmin Taurari da kuma lissafin kimiyya sun juya su da hankali sake zuwa manufar da farko sanyi taurari.

Domin da farko lokacin da nebular ka'idar da aka tsara a cikin XVIII karni. Mai yiwuwa, shi ya bayyana Emanuel Swedenbarg, sa'an nan ya ɗauki Immanuel Kant. Babban jarrabawa ya ci gaba a cikin ayyukan Pierre-Simon Laplace. Manzilõli, asalin duniya da kuma hasken rana tsarin a matsayin dukan, bisa ga wannan ka'idar, mun sahu da ɗan daban fiye aka bayyana a sama da kuma na farko daga wadannan ya kasance da samuwar wani nebula ko nebula. Shi ne mai gas-kura gudan jini, sakamakon shi a mayar da hankali rabo daga rushewar kwayoyin interstellar girgije. Nebula, saboda mu'amala da masu sojojin na janye daga m kama tsarin, ya fara juya. A nebula na juyawa bayyana nauyi, wanda ya kai ga wani karu a cikin radius. A sakamakon haka shi da wani karuwa a gudun. Sun nebula kama da wani centrifuge, kuma ta kusa da asali tasa siffar zama kamar wani ellipse. Bayan wani lokaci, da centrifugal karfi a ekweita daidaita karfi na nauyi, da kuma talakawan yankin na nebula fara kwasfa kashe daya bayan daya zobe. Sun kunshi duka guda da ake wãtsarwa da gas aka hankali hada dasu wajen samar da ya fi girma abubuwa. A kan lokaci, su ne "balagagge isa" a cikin taurari, da kuma yawan zafin jiki na sabon cosmic jikinsu bai ƙyale mu mu kira su zafi.

A zafi na subsoil

Yau, da nebular ka'idar yana dauke da mafi kusantar labari ga samuwar hasken rana tsarin. Development of shiriritar ya auku tare da sa hannu na mutane da yawa kimiyya tarbiyya, wasu daga Laplace guzuri da aka gyara ko kuma ru. High yanayin zafi Duniya ta ciki ma samu wani bayani da cewa ba ya ka'idar musanta.

Akwai dalilai biyu domin jin wuta up: da rediyoaktif lalata da kuma gravitational bambantawa na albarkatun ma'adinai. Origin samar da kimanin 15% na dumama. Babban muhimmanci shi ne rabuwar abubuwa da farko gauraye a cikin da dama yadudduka da nauyi. Wannan tsari ya jagoranci ba kawai ga wani karuwa a yawan zafin jiki na subsoil, amma kuma ga samuwar na ciki tsarin da duniya, cewa duk abin da muka koya a cikin makarantar sakandare: da zuciyar, alkyabbar, ɓawon burodi.

Sun Earth wakilta kusa da ball dimbin yawa sarari abu kunsha da dama abubuwa da ka gauraye. Recent lura, duk da haka, ya nuna cewa tsarin duniya yana da wani fairly ma'ana tsarin. Basic abubuwa constituting duniya, - oxygen da aka hada da oxides, silicon, ƙarfe da kuma aluminum. Kowace daga cikinsu a lokaci guda rinjayar da yawa daga cikin kayan.

bambantawa

Weight da kuma girma a duniya, wasu har yanzu a cikin XVIII karni, a yarda da masana kimiyya yin lissafi da talakawan yawa. Yana da aka samu ya zama game da 5.5 g / cm ^3. Tamanin da siga ga surface - kawai 2.8 g / cm ^3. Gano dabi'u bayar da shawarar cewa mutum abubuwa mayar da hankali a tsakiyar duniya, kuma haske a sama da surface yadudduka.

Tsara abubuwa fara da bayyanar da duniyar tamu. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi baƙin ƙarfe ya zama "sag" a cikin cibiyar, da aluminum da silicon mahadi, a akasin haka, "taso kan ruwa" a farfajiya. Iron, canza wuri da matsayinsa, da kuma motsa cibiyar nauyi na duniya. Saboda wasu jiki dokokin a lokaci guda, da babban adadin zafi makamashi, wadda take kaiwa zuwa dumama da ciki yadudduka na Duniya. The adadin kuzari generated ne babban. A lokaci guda nazarin ya nuna cewa duniya ba ta taba aka gaba daya narke. Wannan sake tabbatar da nebular jarrabawa.

Sanyaya da kuma dumama

Hakika, zafi subsoil ci gaba da cinye wa dumama surface da kuma wani ɓangare na samar da makamashi da aka rasa. Duk da haka, shi ya samu nasarar cika wa da hasken rana radiation. bambantawa da makamashi da ake amfani a duka matakai faruwa a duniya: motsi nahiyoyi, da samuwar duwatsu, volcanism.

Masana kimiyya sun} iyasta cewa, ya zuwa yau, da aiwatar da raba abubuwa kammala da 85%. Bayan ƙarshen bambantawa na Duniya zai zama geologically m duniya, irin wannan a cikin wannan girmamawa ga Moon. Yana da zai faru a game da biliyan 1.5 da shekaru.

A harin bom

Bugu da ari, bambance da subsoil lalata na rediyoaktif abubuwa a cikin matakin farko na samuwar da Earth, wani kashi a cikin da dumama ta ciki yadudduka taka leda asteroids. da yawan zafin jiki karuwa da gudummawar da m collisions na kananan sarari jikin duniya. A cewar daya daga version, mafi ban sha'awa na wadannan collisions kai ga watã. C. Da Duniya karo da jiki size of Mars. A sakamakon duniya da aka buga daga wani kyawawan m yanki na zane, wanda baya ya zama abokin. A karo da wasu sakamakon: muhimmanci karu da Duniya ta rotational gudu da kuma karkata da axis. Har ila yau, asteroids da comets suna dauke a matsayin daya daga cikin yiwu kafofin na ruwa.

Zuwan bada rai-ruwa

Asalin ruwa a Duniya - topic ne quite m. A mafi kusantar ranar da aka dauke su a version na ta "isarwa" asteroids. Kaikaitaccen data tabbatar da jarrabawa na sarari bincike, a sakamakon wanda da ruwa da aka gano a cikin da dama kananan jikin na hasken rana tsarin. Masana kimiyya suna jingina zuwa ga wannan saki nuna cewa ruwa - quite wani maras tabbas abu, amma saboda a cikin zafi yanayi na matasa Duniya, zai yiwuwa sun evaporated gaba daya. Saboda haka, low yiwuwar terrestrial asalin ruwa. Kila don haka wajibi ne ga duk abu mai rai ya samu zuwa duniyar tamu da astroid da comets daga babban bel dake tsakanin Mars kuma Jupiter.

Duk da haka, da ainihin asalin ruwa a Duniya - tukuna har yanzu a tambaya ba tare da wata hujja amsar. An yi imani da cewa irin rawa da dalilai da dama a cikin tsari. Daga cikin su kuma degassing magma narkewa maras tabbas aka gyara daga gare ta. Ruwa tururi da kuma wasu sauran mahadi an jefar a Duniya ta surface a lokacin volcanic eruptions. danshin sa'an nan takaice, don haka a hankali tara tekuna kafa hydrosphere.

Bayyanar da ruwa, kazalika da matsalar asalin na duniya - ba zaunar har ƙarshen tambaya. Kila, da rawar da aka buga ta biyu matakai: harin bom, da kuma degassing na magma. A karshen ma da gudummawar da samuwar yanayi.

Asalin rayuwa a duniya

Wani yadu tattauna batun alaka da ci gaban Duniya tarihi - shi ne fitowan da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Yau, akwai da dama shiriritar, ta kwatanta da asalin rayuwa a duniya. Biology, sanar da goma da suka wuce, ta dage labulen halin asiri wa almajiransa: rai bayyana a cikin ruwayen tekuna, a cikin abin da ake kira dadaddiyar kwanon miya. Tun daga nan, hoton ya canza, ya samu sabon data.

Darasi "The Origin of Life on Earth" fara a yau tare da wani labarin game da RNA duniya. Ribonucleic acid, bisa ga 'yan nazarin - na farko kwayoyin a kan wani taurãro tare da ikon kai-rubanya. A mataki na gaba a kan hanya daga matattun da kwayoyin duniya da aka gano da iyakoki. RNA kwayoyin iya a wasu hanya shigarsu m duniyoyin da suke da zurfi a cikin teku ruwa suna kafa tare da m acid. Saboda haka akwai wani samfur na wani sauki cell: RNA kwayoyin kewaye da wani membrane.

Formation na metabolism tsakanin waje yanayi da RNA ya yiwu ne da karfin daga karshen don jawo hankalin wasu nucleotides, kuma sunã tunkuɗe sauransu. Asalin rayuwa a duniya ilmin halitta da kuma related sciences ba karatu har zuwa karshen. Akwai har yanzu da yawa warware matsalar tambayoyi. Daga cikin su, misali, abin da ya faru na rabo da kuma samuwar kwayar kwayoyin.

babban symbiosis

Kadan m yanzu dauke da tarihi na zargin daban-daban da wasu gabbansa a cikin cell. Yana duk ya fara tare da bayyanar da farko kwayoyin iya phagocytosis, da sha na gina jiki daga yanayi ta samar da wata abinci vacuole. Wani sabon hanyar cin abinci ya haddasa wani karuwa a cell size: da predator yana zama babbar shafa. Hereditary abu yayin da adana a cikin hanyar genofor chromosomes precursors. Suna tsaye a haɗe zuwa membrane. Phagocytosis aka tare da fitowan da wani karfi yanzu a cikin cytoplasm, a cikin abin da zone da kuma bayyana genofory. Akwai hadari na asarar wani ɓangare na kwayoyin kaya ko take hakkin da tsarin. A sakamakon haka, a cikin cell samar da wata rami, suka rabu da cytoplasm da wani membrane. A hankali shi aka canza a cikin tsakiya. Kamar haka nan kuma ya bayyana farko eukaryotic Kwayoyin.

Wasu gabbansa kamar mitochondria da flagella ne wata ila don sun taso a kan aiwatar da phagocytosis. Magabata na yau Kwayoyin, mamaye abinci, samu symbionts, m kwayoyin. Suna amfani da gina jiki shigar da cytoplasm, ya fara gudanar da wani daban-daban ayyuka na tsari na kwayuka tafiyar matakai. A cewar symbiogenesis ra'ayi, don haka a cikin cell kira mitochondria bayyana riga da flagella. Mutane da yawa 'yan nazarin tabbatar da jarrabawa na gaskiya.

zabi

RNA duniya a matsayin precursor na dukan abubuwa masu rai ne "gasar." Daga cikin su akwai creationist ka'idar da binciken kimiyya bane. Ga mutane da yawa ƙarni akwai hasashe game da rayuwa na kwatsam: da kwari da tsutsotsi bayyana a Rotting sharar gida, beraye - a cikin tsohon Rags. Karyata ta gabascin XVII-XVIII ƙarni, shi ya samu wani biyu haihuwa a cikin karni na karshe a cikin Oparin-Haldane ka'idar. A cewar shi, rayuwa shi ne sakamakon da hulda da kwayoyin kwayoyin a cikin dadaddiyar kwanon miya. Zaton masana kimiyya da aka gitta da ya tabbatar a wani sanannen gwaji Stenli Millera. Yana da wannan ka'idar da aka maye gurbinsu a farkon wannan karni, da jarrabawa na wani RNA duniya.

A a layi daya, akwai wani imani da cewa rayuwa na da farko Extraterrestrial asalin. Mun kawo ta wannan duniya tamu, bisa ga ka'idar panspermia, wannan asteroids da comets, wanda "ya kula" na samuwar tekuna da ruwaye. A gaskiya, wannan jarrabawa ba bayyana bayyanar rayuwa, da kuma furta shi a matsayin gaskiya, wani muhimmi dukiya daga al'amarin.

Don takaice sama, ya bayyana cewa asalin duniya da rayuwa a kan shi a yau - shi ke har yanzu an bude tambaya. Modern kimiyya, ba shakka, shi ne yawa kusa da warware asirai na duniya tamu fiye da Thinkers na tsufa da kuma tsakiyar zamanai. Duk da haka, da yawa har yanzu yana bukatar bayani. Daban-daban shiriritar Duniya ta asalin bi juna a cikin wadanda lokacin lokacin da muka sami sabon bayanai da ba su dace a cikin tsohon juna. Yana yiwuwa cewa wannan zai iya faru a ba ma m nan gaba, sa'an nan su maye gurbin da-kafa theories zai zo da sabon.