Environmental matsala - shi ... Sanadin matsalolin muhalli. Matsalolin muhalli na Duniya

Environmental matsala - yana da wani tabbataccen canji na yanayi a sakamakon anthropogenic tasirin, abu don da gazawar da tsarin da kuma aiki na halitta tsarin (shimfidar) da kuma manyan zuwa korau tattalin arziki, zamantakewa ko wasu sakamakon. Wannan ra'ayi - anthropocentric, tun da korau canji a yanayin da kimanta a kan yanayin samuwar dan'adam.

rarrabuwa

Matsalolin muhalli na Duniya hade tare da mai illa yayan na faɗi, conventionally kasu kashi shida Categories:

- yanayi (thermal, radiological, inji ko sinadaran samu na yanayi).

- ruwa (samu daga teku, da teku, da depletion na subterranean da surface ruwa).

- ma'aunan kasa geomorphology (kunnawa korau ma'aunan kasa geomorphology tafiyar matakai iri taimako da ma'aunan kasa tsarin).

- gona (gona samu, salinization, yashewa, deflation, waterlogging, da dai sauransu ...).

- biotic (ƙasƙanci ciyayi da gandun daji, rage bambancin da jinsunan, makiyaya digression, da dai sauransu ...).

- wuri mai faɗi (hadedde) - tabarbarewar rabe-raben, da kwararowar hamada, da faduwa wani kafa gwamnatin kare yankunan, da dai sauransu ...

Domin babban canje-canje ga lafiyar qasa na halitta rarrabe irin matsaloli da kuma yanayi:

- Landscape-kwayoyin. Tashi a sakamakon asarar kayyade albarkatun da musamman halitta shafukan, aka saba wa mutuncin wuri mai faɗi da tsarin.

- anthropoecological. Dauke dangi zuwa canje-canje a cikin rai yanayi da kuma kiwon lafiya.

- Natural-hanya. Hade da asara ko depletion na albarkatun, kaskantar da aiwatar da tattalin arziki aiki a shafa yankin.

ƙarin Za'a iya canza hasken

Matsalolin muhalli yanayi amma embodiments gabatar a sama za a iya classified kamar haka:

- A cikin babban dalilin - aiyukan-kai, masana'antu, na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa aikin injiniya.

- Bisa ga sharpness - ba kaifi, moderately kaifi, kaifi, sosai kaifi.

- Bisa ga ganewar - sauki, hadaddun, wuya.

- A solvability - Warware Warware wuya, kusan insoluble.

- to kai da abin ya shafa yankunan - gida, yanki, planetary.

- A lokacin - takaice, tsawo, kusan bacewa.

- su isa yankin - matsalar arewacin Rasha, Ural duwãtsu, tundra, da dai sauransu ...

aiki saboda abin da urbanization

Town kira zamantakewa da alƙaluma da kuma tsarin tattalin arziki da cewa yana da cikakken yankin gidaje na hanyar samar, wani m yawan, tsari na wucin gadi mazauninsu da kuma kafa tsari na zamantakewa kungiyar.

A halin yanzu mataki na cigaban dan Adam ne halin da m girma a yawan da size da ƙauyuka. Musamman manyan yawan birnin mutum ɗari da dubu mutane suna kara karuwa. Su asusu na game da daya bisa dari na jimlar ƙasar yankin na duniya, amma da tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma yanayi gaske mai girma. An kafe a da ayyukan da babban Sanadin matsalolin muhalli. A cikin wadannan iyaka yankunan da sanaki fiye da 45% na adadin jama'a na duniya, samar game da 80% na dukkan watsi da ƙazantar da yanayi da kuma hydrosphere.

Kare Muhalli da matsaloli na birane, musamman ya fi girma, fiye da wuya a warware. The fi girma da gari, da ma sāke yanayi. Lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da yankunan karkara, a cikin mafi birane da muhalli yanayin rayuwa na mutane da yawa muni.

A cewar ecologist Reimer, wani muhalli matsala - shi ne wani sabon abu hade da tasiri na mutane a kan yanayi da reversibility na da tasiri na halitta a kan mutane da kuma m tafiyar matakai.

Nature da kuma wuri mai faɗi da matsaloli na gari

Wadannan canje-canje korau ga mafi part nasaba da ƙasƙanci daga cikin wuri mai faɗi da birane. A karkashin manyan birane da garuruwa canza duk aka gyara - ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma surface ruwa, topography da kuma binciken kasa, Flora da fauna, ƙasa cover, yanayin siffofin. Urban matsalolin muhalli ma kwanta da cewa duk mai rai aka gyara daga cikin tsarin fara daidaita da hanzari canza yanayi, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani raguwa a jinsunan bambancin da wani karu a yankin na terrestrial shuke-shuke.

Resource-matsalolin tattalin

Su suna hade da manyan sikelin yin amfani da albarkatun kasa, da aiki da kuma samar da mai guba sharar gida. Sanadin matsalolin muhalli - a cikin adam baki a cikin halitta wuri mai faɗi a kan aiwatar da raya birane da kuma m sharar gida.

anthropological matsala

Environmental matsala - shi ne ba kawai korau canje-canje a cikin halitta tsarin. Yana kuma iya kunshi a tabarbarewar da birane yawan kiwon lafiya. Dakushe ingancin birane yanayi entails fitowan da cututtuka daban-daban. Nature da nazarin halittu Properties, mutãnen da suka kafa a kan fiye da daya Millennium, ba zai iya canza kamar yadda azumi kamar yadda duniya kewaye da su. Sabani tsakanin wadannan matakai sau da yawa kai ga rikici tsakanin yanayi da kuma yanayin dan Adam.

Idan akai la'akari da Sanadin matsalolin muhalli, mun lura cewa, mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu shi ne rashin yiwuwar m karbuwa daga kwayoyin da yanayin muhalli, da kuma bayan karbuwa - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin manyan halaye na dukan abubuwa masu rai. Ƙoƙarin yin tasiri gudun wannan tsari ba ya haifar da wani abu mai kyau.

sauyin yanayi

Environmental matsala - shi ne sakamakon hulda tsakanin yanayi da al'umma, wanda zai iya kai wa ga duniya bala'i. A halin yanzu, wadannan musamman korau canje-canje faruwa a wannan duniya tamu:

- Manyan adadin sharar gida - 81% - a cikin yanayi.

- Fiye da goma murabba'in kilomita miliyan na ƙasar da aka eroded da sha da kwararowar hamada.

- sauya abun da ke ciki na yanayi.

- keta yawa na lemar sararin samaniya Layer (misali, wani rami ta bayyana a kan Antarctica).

- Fiye da shekaru goma, shi ya bace daga fuskar duniya 180 kadada miliyan gandun daji.

- Kamar yadda a sakamakon duniya teku gurbatawa tsawo na ruwanta na karuwa a kowace shekara ta biyu millimeters.

- Akwai m karuwa a da amfani da albarkatun kasa.

Kamar yadda lasafta da masana kimiyya, da biosphere ne iya cikakken rama domin mutum tashin hankali da na halitta matakai, idan primary samarwa amfani ba zai wuce daya bisa dari na jimlar, amma yanzu adadi ne mafi kusanta zuwa goma bisa dari. Compensatory yiwuwa na biosphere aka basu hakura gurgunta, a sakamakon, da yanayi na duniya da aka tabarbarewa.

Tsabtace muhalli m makamashi dokin kira awo 1 TWh / shekara. Duk da haka, shi ne ma wuce, saboda haka ya hallaka m kaddarorin da yanayi. A gaskiya, za mu iya magana game da farkon na uku duniya yaki, wanda shi ne a kan yanayi na bil'adama. Kowa ya san cewa masu cin nasara a cikin wannan adawa kawai ba zai iya zama.

m al'amurra

Development of a duniya muhalli rikicin da ake dangantawa da m girma na yawan jama'ar duniya. Don a tabbatar da taba-kara bukatun dole uku sau da ƙananan amfani da albarkatun kasa a cikin kasashen da high matakan da ci gaba da kuma taimakawa wajen inganta da jindadin daga cikin mutum jihohi. A babba canja fasalin - goma sha biyu da mutane biliyan. Idan mutane a duniya zai zama mafi sa'an nan uku zuwa biyar biliyan za a kawai bar su mutu da ƙishirwa da kuma yunwa a kowace shekara.

Misalai na muhalli al'amurran da suka shafi na duniya sikelin

Gabancin "greenhouse sakamako" ya kwanan nan ya zama ƙara barazana ga Duniya tsari. A sakamakon canza kadan ma'auni na duniya da kuma talakawan zafin jiki karuwa. Mãsu laifi matsaloli ne "greenhouse" gas, musamman carbon dioxide. A sakamakon dumamar yanayi ne a hankali a hankali narkewa snow da kankara, wanda bi da bi take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a matakin na Duniya Ocean.

acid ruwan sama

Babban m da wannan mummunan sabon abu ne a gane yadda sulfur dioxide. Field na korau tasirin acid hazo ne m. Su riga da yawa kunsa mai tsanani shafi, kuma amma mafi yawan lalacewa ne amfani da shuke-shuke. A sakamakon haka, Adam zai iya fuskantar wani m asarar phytocenoses.

Ƙarancin ruwa tare

rashin sabo ne ruwa a wasu yankuna akwai saboda da aiki cin gaban aikin noma da kuma jama'a utilities kazalika da masana'antu. Yana taka wani muhimmanci rawa, maimakon yawa, da kuma ingancin albarkatun kasa.

Tabarbarewar da "huhu" na duniya

Kiyashi halaka, deforestation da unsustainable amfani da gandun daji da albarkatun kai ga zargin wani babbar muhalli matsala. Scaffolding da aka sani ga samar da sha na carbon dioxide, wanda "greenhouse" da kuma samar da oxygen. Alal misali, saboda daya tonne na ciyayi saki daga 1.1 zuwa 1.3 ton na da oxygen a yanayin.

A lemar sararin samaniya Layer ne a karkashin harin

Halakar lemar sararin samaniya Layer na duniya tamu da fari ake dangantawa da yin amfani da CFCs. Wadannan gas ake amfani da su a taron refrigeration raka'a da kuma da dama daga gwangwani. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa a cikin sama yanayi lemar sararin samaniya Layer kauri tayi. A daukan hankali misali ne matsalar na lemar sararin samaniya rami a kan Antarctica, wani yanki ci gaba da kara da kuma ya riga ya tafi fiye da kan iyakoki na nahiyar.

A bayani na duniya matsalolin muhalli

Kuna da damar da za su kauce wa mutum fama a dukan duniya sikelin? Na'am. Amma kuma akwai bukatar daukar kwararan matakai.

- A majalisu matakin kafa bayyana dokoki na halitta.

- Active amfani da Karkasa matakan kare muhalli. Yana iya zama, misali, wani uniform kasa da kasa dokoki da kuma matsayin kare da sauyin yanayi, gandun daji, tekuna da sararin sama, da dai sauransu

- tsakiya shirya m sabuntawa aiki don warware matsalolin muhalli na yankin, birni, gari da sauran takamaiman abubuwa.

- Don ilmantar da kuma inganta muhalli sani da kuma halin kirki ci gaba da mutum.

ƙarshe

Ci gaban fasaha ne samun gudun, akwai wani m inganta samar da matakai na zamani da kayan aiki, gabatarwar m fasahar a daban-daban duniyoyin. Duk da haka, kawai ta rage wani kankanin na} ir} shafi kariya da muhalli.

Yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa kawai hadaddun hulda da duk zamantakewa kungiyoyin da jihar za ta taimaka wajen inganta muhalli halin da ake ciki a duniya. Yana da lokaci don duba baya na gane abin da yake jiranka a nan gaba.