Shiriritar game da asalin na Duniya. Asalin da taurari

Tambayar da asalin na Duniya, da taurari da kuma hasken rana tsarin a matsayin dukan damu da mutane tun lokacin da. Myths game da Duniya ta asalin za a iya gano a cikin da yawa mutãnen farkon. Sin, da Masarawa, Sumerians, Helenawa da nasu ra'ayin da samuwar duniya. A farkon mu zamanin, su butulci view maye gurbin ka'idodin addini cewa brooked ba shike. A na da Turai, don kokarin samun gaskiya wani lokacin ƙare a gobara na Inquisition. A farko kimiyya bayani daga matsalar shafi kawai ga XVIII karni. Ko a yanzu, babu wani tsari guda asalin jarrabawa na Duniya, wanda ya bada dakin sabon binciken da abinci ga na bincike hankali.

tsoho mythology

Man - a zama na bincike. Tun zamanin da, mutane ne daban-daban daga dabbobi ba kawai ta so su tsira a cikin matsananci duniya na cikin daji, amma kuma wani ƙoƙari na fahimta da shi. Fahimtar jimlar keda daukaka a kan sojojin na halitta da kanta, mutane suka fara riqi tafiyar matakai. Mafi sau da yawa, shi ne mazaunan sama suna yaba da halittar duniya.

Myths game da Duniya ta samo asali ne a daban-daban sasanninta na duniya sun muhimmanci daban-daban daga juna. Bisa ga imani na zamanin d Masarawa, shi hatched daga qwai daga cikin tsarki, sleplennogo bautãwa Khnum na talakawa lãka. Bisa ga imani na mutanen tsibirin, ƙasar da gumakan fished daga cikin teku.

hargitsi ka'idar

Mun zo kusa da zamanin d Helenawa ka'idar kimiyya. A zukatansu, da haihuwa na Duniya ya na bigiren Hargitsi, cike da wata cakuda da ruwa, ƙasa, wuta kuma iska. Wannan ya yi daidai da ka'idar kimiyya da asalin na Duniya postulates. Mixed abubuwa da ka juya su, ciko dukan kõme. Amma a wani matsayi, daga zurfin bigiren hargitsi aka haife cikin Earth - allahiya Gaia, kuma ta har abada abokinsu, sama - bautãwa Uranus. Tare, suka cika m sararin bambancin da rai.

A irin wannan labari da aka kafa a kasar Sin. Hargitsi ne Hun-tun, cike da biyar abubuwa - itace, karfe, ƙasa, wuta da ruwa - circling a cikin siffar wani kwai a kan m sararin samaniya, duk da haka an ba haife wani abin bautãwa Pan Gu. Farkakku ne, ya samu kusa da shi kawai m duhu. Kuma da cewa ya ji haushi ƙwarai. Tara ƙarfinsa, gunkin Pan Gu laifinsu harsashi na kwai-hargitsi, sakewa da dokoki biyu: yin yang. A nauyi Yin nutse saukar zuwa samar da duniya, haske da kuma sauki Yang tashi skyward, forming sama.

The aji akan ka'idar da samuwar na Duniya

Asalin da taurari, da kuma musamman a duniya, ta zamani, masana kimiyya karatu isa. Amma akwai wani yawan muhimman hakkokin al'amurran da suka shafi (kamar inda ya yi da ruwa), da haddasa muhawarar. Saboda haka, da kimiyya da sararin samaniya ke juyawa, kowane sabon samu zama wani gini block a cikin harsashin duniya asalin jarrabawa.

Shahararren masanin kimiyya Soviet Otto Yulevich Shmidt, aka iyakacin duniya Research, ya harhada duk samarwa shiriritar da kuma hada su a cikin uku azuzuwan. A farko ne theories dangane da hakan na da samuwar rãnã, taurari, watanni da kuma comets daga rai guda abu (nebulae). An sani Voitkevich jarrabawa, Laplace, Kant, Fesenkov kwanan bita mahakar, Sobotovich da sauran masana kimiyya.

Na biyu aji hadawa Concepts bisa ga abin da taurari aka kafa kai tsaye daga hasken rana al'amarin. Wannan shi ne asalin Duniya jarrabawa masana kimiyya Jeans Jeffreys Multona da Chamberlin, Buffon da sauransu.

Kuma a karshe, ta uku aji hada da ka'idar, ba ha rãnã da taurari kowa asalin. Mafi shahara cikin jarrabawa na Schmidt. Bari mu bincika halaye na kowane aji.

Kant ta jarrabawa

A 1755 da Jamusanci Falsafa Kant, asalin da Duniya a takaice ya bayyana kamar haka: an sa hannu duniya kunshi da keken da ake wãtsarwa na daban-daban yawa. Nauyi ya kawo su motsi. Yana faru mai danko su zuwa juna (accretion sakamako), da kyakkyawan sakamakon gudan jini samuwar tsakiyar zafi - rãnã. Bugu da ari barbashi collisions kai ga juyawa na rãnã, kuma tare da shi da kura girgije.

A karshen hankali kafa wararriyar hõre nunannun abu - tãyuna gaba taurari a kusa da kewaye kafa ta irin wannan tauraron dan adam. Kafa a wannan hanya da Earth a farkon ta zama kamar ma sanyi.

Laplace ra'ayi

Faransa falaki da lissafi Laplace samarwa da dan kadan daban-daban version, wanda ya bayyana asalin da duniyarmu da kuma sauran duniyoyi. The hasken rana tsarin, a cikin ra'ayi, kafa daga wani zafi gaseous nebula tare da wani gungu na barbashi a cikin cibiyar. Ta spun da kuma matsa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi. Bayan kara sanyaya, da rotational gudun da nebula girma a kan periphery na shi peeled kashe zobba wanda rududdugaggu a kan prototypes gaba taurari. A karshe mataki a cikin na farko zafi gas wakilta bukukuwa da hankali sanyaya kuma ƙarfafa.

Rashin Kant da Laplace ta jarrabawa

Jarrabawa na Kant da Laplace, bayanin asalin na duniyarmu, sun rinjaye a cikin cosmogony har da farkon karni na ashirin. Kuma taka m rawa, bauta a matsayin tushe na kimiyya, musamman a fannin binciken kasa. Babban drawback ne rashin iyawa na shiriritar don bayyana rarraba a cikin hasken rana tsarin mai kusurwa lokacinta (CDM).

MKP aka bayyana a matsayin samfurin da nauyi da nisa daga cibiyar da tsarin da ta rotational gudun. Lalle ne, kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa rana yana da fiye da 90% na jimlar taro na tsarin, shi dole ne high kuma CDM. A gaskiya ma, Sun yana da kawai 2% na jimlar CDM wannan duniyar tamu, musamman da giant, baiwa da sauran 98%.

ka'idar Fesenkov

Wannan musu a shekarun 1960s kokarin bayyana Soviet masanin kimiyya Fesenko. Bisa ga version of asalin Duniya, da Sun tare da taurari da aka kafa ta matsawa na wata katuwar nebula - "globules." Nebula da sosai sparse zane hada da yafi na hydrogen da helium da kuma kananan adadin nauyi abubuwa. A karkashin karfi na nauyi a cikin cibiyar na star-dimbin yawa globules bayyana thickening - rãnã. Yana da wani hanzari kadi. A sakamakon juyin halitta daga cikin hasken rana abu a cikin kewaye gas-kura yanayi, watsi abu kwashe lokaci-lokaci. Wannan ya haifar da asarar ta taro da rãnã kaya taurari halitta babban ɓangare na MCR. Samuwar taurari gudanar da accretion nebula.

Theories Multona da Chamberlin

Amurka masu bincike Multon falaki da fanning binciken kasa Chamberlin samarwa a irin wannan jarrabawa na asalin Duniya da kuma hasken rana tsarin, bisa ga abin da taurari kafa daga wani abu gas rassan spirals, "Pull" na Sun unknown star, wanda ya faru kusa isa zuwa gare shi.

Masana kimiyya sun aka gabatar a cikin cosmogony na manufar "planetesimal" - gudan jini takaice gas daga asalin abu da ya zama gudan jini na taurari da kuma asteroids.

farillai Jeans

Birtaniya astrophysicist J. Jeans (1919) da shawarar cewa m rãnã da wani star karshe ja a sigar-dimbin yawa protrusion, wanda daga baya ya karya up cikin raba hõre nunannun. Kuma daga tsakiyar thicker rabo daga "sigar" kafa manyan taurari, da kuma a kan gefuna - kananan.

jarrabawa Schmidt

A al'amura na asali ra'ayi a shekarar 1944, Schmidt ya bayyana asalin Duniya ka'idar. Wannan ne da aka sani a matsayin meteorite jarrabawa, sa'an nan jiki da kuma hanyan ilmin lissafi na rasa ƴan daga cikin shahararrun masanin kimiyya. Af, a cikin jarrabawa daga cikin samuwar Sun ba a dauke matsala.

Bisa ga ka'idar, da rãnã a kan daya daga cikin matakai na raya kama (ja da shi) sanyi gas-kura girgijen meteoric. Kafin cewa shi mahaukaci ne sosai 'yan CDM girgije ne juya su a wani gagarumin kudi. A wani karfi gravitational filin rãnã fara bambantawa meteor girgije taro, yawa da kuma size. Sashe na meteoritic abu zo zuwa ga haske, da sauran, a sakamakon accretion matakai cewa samar clots-da tãyuna na taurari da kuma su da tauraron dan adam.

A wannan jarrabawa, da asalin da kuma ci gaba a duniya, ko da kuwa da tasirin da "hasken rana da iska" - hasken rana radiation matsa lamba, cewa repels haske gas aka gyara zuwa ga periphery daga cikin hasken rana tsarin. Kamar wancan kafa Duniya ya mai sanyi jiki. Bugu da ari Warming dangantaka da radiogenic zafi, gravitational bambantawa da sauran kafofin na ciki makamashi na duniya. A babban drawback jarrabawa masu bincike yi imani da rana ne sosai low Yiwuwar kama da wannan meteor girgije.

Zaton mahakar da Sobotovich

Tarihi na Duniya ta asalin har yanzu murna masana kimiyya. In mun gwada kwanan nan (a 1984) da kuma E. B. Rudnik Sobotovich gabatar da kansa version na asalin da taurari da rana. A cewar su view, fara tafiyar matakai a cikin gas-kura girgije iya zama a matsayin kusa supernova fashewa. M events, bisa ga bincike, sun kasance a matsayin haka:

1. Karkashin sakamakon da fashewa fara matsawa na nebula da kuma samuwar na tsakiyar bunch - rãnã.
2. Sun kunno kai daga IRAs canjawa wuri taurari electromagnetic ko convective haukan kogi-ta.
3. Fara da nunawa giant zobba kama Saturn zobe.
4. A sakamakon da accretion da kayan zobba na farko ya bayyana planetesimals sa'an nan a kafa a cikin zamani duniya.

A dukan juyin halitta ya faru sosai da sauri - a cikin game da miliyan 600 da shekaru.

Samuwar Duniya ta tsarin

Akwai daban-daban fahimtar da jerin samuwar ciki sassa na duniya tamu. A cewar daya daga cikinsu, Protoearth wakilta unsorted conglomerate baƙin ƙarfe-silicate abu. A nan gaba, a sakamakon nauyi rabuwa faru a kan wani ƙarfe core da wani silicate alkyabbar - wani sabon abu kama accretion. Magoya bayan iri-irin accretion yi imani da cewa na farko, mai tsaurin ya tara baƙin ƙarfe core, sa'an nan tsaya ga shi mafi fusible silicate barbashi.

Dangane da mafita daga wannan matsala ba za mu iya magana game da har na farko Warming na Duniya. Lalle ne, nan da nan bayan da samuwar duniya ya fara zafi sama a sakamakon hadin gwiwa mataki na da dalilai da dama:

• Planetesimals bombardment na bãyan tẽkun, wanda aka tare da ci gaba da zafi.
• Lalata na rediyoaktif isotopes, ciki har da alumina short rayu isotopes na aidin, plutonium da sauransu.
• Gravitational subsoil bambantawa (idan muka ɗauka a yi kama accretion).

A cewar wasu masu bincike, a wannan farkon mataki na duniya samuwar waje sassa na iya zama a cikin wani jihar kusa da narke. A hoto duniyarmu zai yi kama da wani ja-zafi ball.

A ƙanƙancewa ka'idar da samuwar na nahiyoyi

Daya daga cikin na farko shiriritar da asalin na nahiyoyi da aka The ƙanƙancewa, a cikin abin da dutsen gini da nasaba da sanyaya na Duniya da kuma rage ta radius. Wannan shi ne kafuwar farkon ma'aunan kasa da karatu. A ta da asali da Austria a fanning binciken kasa E. Suess haduwa duk data kasance a lokacin da wani ilmi game da tsarin da Duniya ta ɓawon burodi a cikin monograph "The Face na Duniya". Amma a karshen cikin XIX karni. akwai shaida cewa a cikin wani sashi na duniya ta ɓawon burodi da aka matsa a cikin sauran - mikewa. A ƙanƙancewa ka'idar karshe rushe bayan gano radioactivity da kuma gaban Duniya ta ɓawon burodi a manyan inventories na rediyoaktif abubuwa.

nahiyar gantali

A farkon karni na ashirin. kunno kai jarrabawa na nahiyar gantali. Masana kimiyya sun dogon lura da kama coastlines na Kudancin Amirka da kuma nahiyar Afrika, Afirka da kuma yankin larabawa, da India, da Afirka, da sauransu. A farko idan aka kwatanta da data Pilligrini (1858), daga baya Bihanov. The sosai ra'ayin nahiyar gantali aka tsara ta American geologists Taylor da kuma Baker (1910) da kuma Jamus geophysicist da meteorologist Wegener (1912). Last substantiate wannan jarrabawa a monograph "The Origin of nahiyoyi da kuma tekuna", wanda aka buga a 1915. The muhawara da aka kawo sunayensu a cikin goyon bayan wannan jarrabawa:

• The kama da shaci na nahiyoyi a garesu na Atlantic, kazalika da nahiyoyi iyaka da tekun Indiya.
• Tsarin kama da m nahiyoyi ma'aunan kasa sassan na Late Paleozoic da Early Mesozoic kankara.
• A burbushin ragowar shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda ya nuna cewa zamanin da Flora da fauna daga kudancin nahiyoyi kafa guda tara: An musamman evidenced da burbushin ragowar dinosaur lystrosaurus irin samu a Afirka, India da kuma Antarctica.
• Paleoclimatic data: misali, gaban burbushi Late kankara murfin.

Samuwar Duniya ta ɓawon burodi

The asalin da kuma ci gaba na duniya ne inextricably nasaba da dutsen gini. Wegener jãyayya da cewa nahiyoyi an hada da gwada da haske ma'adinai talakawa, kamar yadda idan aka iyo a kan tamkar nauyi roba abu basalt gado. An zaci cewa na farko na bakin ciki Layer na granitic abu wai rufe dukan duniya. A hankali, da amincinsa aka lalace ta hanyar tidal sojojin na janye na Moon da kuma Sun aiki a kan surface na duniya daga gabas zuwa yamma, kazalika da centrifugal sojojin daga juyawa daga cikin Duniya, shafi daga sandunan zuwa ekweita.

Dutse (mai yiwuwa) ya guda supercontinent, Pangea. Yana wanzu har zuwa tsakiyar cikin Mesozoic zamanin da ya rushe a Jurassic lokaci. Proponents wannan jarrabawa ya asalin Duniya masanin kimiyya Staub. Sa'an nan kuma akwai ƙungiyar na nahiyoyi na arewacin yammancin duniya - Laurasia, kuma da ƙungiyar da nahiyoyi na kudancin yammancin duniya - Gondwana. Tsakanin su sun makale kankara na Pacific Ocean bene. A karkashin nahiyoyi overlie teku na magma a cikin abin da suka kasance sunã motsi. Laurasia da Gondwana koma rhythmically zuwa ekweita, sa'an nan a zura sandunan. Lokacin da ya koma ekweita supercontinent frontally matsa, haka turawa da sãshinansu da bãyayyakinsu Pacific taro. Wadannan ma'aunan kasa matakai da yawa la'akari da babban dalilai samar da babban dutse jeri. The motsi zuwa ga ekweita faru sau uku: a lokacin Caledonian, Hercynian da mai tsayi orogeny.

ƙarshe

A kan topic na samuwar da hasken rana tsarin samar da yawa wadanda ba almarar, littattafan yara, wasu littattafai na musamman. Asalin Duniya yara a cikin sauki sharuddan da aka bayyana a cikin litattafan. Amma idan ka dauki adabi shekaru 50 da suka wuce, a fili yake cewa wasu daga cikin matsalolin zamani masana kimiyya sun duba da sauran hanyar da. Cosmology, binciken kasa da kuma alaka da sciences ba yana tsaye har yanzu. Godiya ga nasara Duniya sarari mutane riga san abin da ake gani a hoto duniyarmu daga sarari. New ilimi Halicci sabon fahimtar da dokoki na duniya.

Babu shakka cewa halittar asali hargitsi na Duniya, Sun kuma taurari aka hannu a cikin m sojojin na halitta. Ba abin mamaki cewa kakaninmu kwatanta su da nasarori daga cikin alloli. Ko a alamance ba zai yiwu ba su yi tunanin da asalin na Duniya, da hotuna na gaskiya zai yiwuwa wuce mafi tsoro rudu. Amma da ragowa da ilmi tattara ta cikin masana kimiyya, hankali gina dukan hoto na duniya.