Hadi - abin da ke faruwa da kuma yadda? Biyu hadi a cikin flowering

Hadi - shi ne aiwatar da tattara abubuwa masu kyau na biyu Kwayoyin, sakamakon samuwar sabon Kwayoyin, bada Yunƙurin zuwa wani kwayoyin na wannan HALITTAR ko jinsuna. Mene ne wani biyu hadi a cikin flowering shuka da kuma yadda shi ya auku, karanta wannan labarin.

Jigon hadi

Ya zo a sakamakon da Fusion biyu Kwayoyin, mace da namiji, da kuma zargin wani diploid zygote. A kowane biyu na chromosomes ne ba daya uba kuma daya uwa cell. Jigon da aiwatar da hadi ne don mayar da diploid sa na chromosomes da kuma hada kwayoyin abu na iyaye. Zũriyarsu zai zama mafi yiwuwa a matsayin hada mafi amfani halaye daga mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa.

Hadi - abin da yake da shi?

Wannan tsari na lamarin da ya ci gaba da qwai a cikin hadakar nuclei. Hadi - abin da yake da shi? Wannan shi ne rashin komowar tsari wanda ya auku a sakamakon Fusion na gametes na daban-daban mata da maza da kuma hada su nuclei. Kwan da ya hadu da aka ba hõre wannan hanya a karo na biyu.

Amma akwai shuke-shuke da cewa haifa da wani sabon ƙarni kawai da mace gamete ba tare da hadi. Wannan haifuwa ake kira budurwa. Abin lura shi ne cewa wadannan hanyoyi biyu na haifuwa a daya irin shuka za a iya damara.

Biyu hadi da flowering shuke-shuke

Sex Kwayoyin na biyu ya fara da za a kira gametes. Kuma mata ne kwai, da kuma namiji - maniyyi cewa shuke-shuke iri gyarawa, yayin da spore - mobile. Hadi - abin da yake da shi? Shi ne bayyanar da wani musamman cell - da zygote, dauke da hereditary dabiu da maniyyi da kwai.

Flowering shuke-shuke da hadaddun hadi, da ake kira mai biyu, saboda ban da kwai da aka hadu da wani musamman cell. Formation na maniyyi faruwa a wãtsarwa na pollen, kuma su maturation ne da za'ayi a cikin stamens, ko kuma wajen a cikin su anthers. Spot samuwar ovules qwai suna located a cikin kwai pestle. Lokacin da kwai da aka hadu da maniyyi, ovule daga farko zuwa ci gaba tsaba.

Don hadi a cikin flowering ya faru, za ka farko bukatar pollinate da shuka, da cewa shi ne, a kan stigma ya kamata a sami hancin gurtsun dabino daga turɓãya pollen. Da zarar stigma, suka fara zuwa girma a ciki da kwai, sakamakon wani pollen tube. Lokaci guda, da ƙura barbashi an kafa biyu maniyyi Kwayoyin. Ba su tsaya har yanzu kuma fara zuwa matsar kusa da pollen tube, wanda ratsa cikin ovule. A nan, ta rarraba daya cell elongation da kuma samuwar amfrayo jakar kwai.

Yana ake bukata domin wurin da kwai a cikin shi, da kuma ko da guda cell, wanda ke mayar da hankali a biyu kafa kayyade bayani. Sa'an nan pollen tube germination auku a cikin tayi jakar kwai da kuma fe daga maniyyi da kwai, sakamakon samuwar da zygote, da kuma sauran - tare da da wani cell. ci gaba da tayi daga zygote faruwa. Na biyu Fusion suranta abinci nama, endosperm ko dole domin abinci mai gina jiki amfrayo a lokacin da girma da lokaci.

Abin da kuke bukata ga wanzuwar kowane irin shuka?

• Da farko, za ka bukatar mu mayar da diploid sa na chromosomes, kuma a cikin shi - su Pairing.
• Samar da kayan cin gaba tsakanin al'ummomi, a bayan da jere.
• Hada ta samar da wata guda irin ko hereditary Properties na iyaye biyu.

Duka wannan yana yi a kayyade matakin. Domin gane hadi, maturation na masu juna biyu da kuma na uba gametes dole ne faruwa lokaci guda.

Hadi a angiosperms

Wannan tsari shi ne aka bayyana a karon farko wani Bajamushe masanin kimiyya Strasburger a rabi na biyu na karni na sha tara. Hadi auku angiosperms da ci biyu gametes nuclei daban-daban: tare da namiji da mace manufa. Su cytoplasm aka ba da hannu a hadi. A gaskiya hadi faruwa a lokacin da maniyyi fis din tare da kwai tsakiya.

A haifuwa daga maniyyi ne hirtsinta hatsi ko pollen tube. A hatsi fara girma bayan da faduwa a kan stigma. Lokaci na farkon wannan tsari, kowace shuka ne daban-daban, kamar yadda lokacin hadi. Alal misali, gwoza pollen hatsi germinate bayan sa'o'i biyu, da kuma masara - nan take. A farko alamar germination - ta karuwa a girma. Yawancin lokaci daya pollen hatsi Forms daya tube. Amma wasu tsire-tsire ba batun wannan mulki da kuma samar da mahara wayoyin hannu, kawai daya daga wanda ya kai ta ci gaba.

Hirtsinta tube tare da maniyyi a kan ta ambulant ke tsirarwa, kuma daga karshe karya. Duk abinda ke ciki shi ne a cikin tayi jakar kwai. Daya daga cikin infiltrators nan maniyyi ne ya gabatar a cikin kwai da kuma shigar da ta haploid tsakiya. Hadi - abin da yake da shi? Wannan Fusion na biyu nuclei na maniyyi da kwai. Kwan da ya hadu fara raba, samu biyu sabon Kwayoyin. Sun kasu kashi hudu, da sauransu. Saboda haka, akwai wani mahara division, a cikin abin da shuka tayi tasowa.

Angiosperm shuke-shuke bayan hadi da ikon samar da karin jiki, da ake kira da endosperm. Wannan bai zama ba fãce da sinadirai masu tayi Laraba. A mahaɗar tsakãninsu biyu maniyyi da kuma diploid tsakiya da aka kafa a wasu sa na chromosomes, biyu daga wanda - masu juna biyu asalin da daya - uba. Saboda haka, biyu hadi shuka kwayoyin ne a lokacin da maniyyi fis din tare da kwai, da kuma sauran - tare da core Kwayoyin, dake a cikin cibiyar.

Rarrabe fasali na angiosperms

• Yawa karbuwa ga girma a cikin yanayi daban-daban.
• Biyu hadi, wanda damar zuwa da wadata na abubuwa dole ga al'ada germination na tsaba.
• A gaban triploid endosperm.
• Ilimi ovules ciki da kwai, cikinsa da carpel ganuwar ya kare su daga lalacewa.
• Fetal ci gaba angiosperms daga kwai.
• Samun zuriya ciki 'ya'yan itace, da ganuwar wanda aka kiyaye shi ta shi.
• A gaban furanni ya sa ya yiwu don pollinate shuke-shuke zuwa kwari.

Godiya ga wadannan siffofin angiosperms zauna a rinjaye matsayi a duniya.

Feature hadi na angiosperms

Yana bi daga gaskiya cewa wadannan shuke-shuke da biyu hadi. A musamman alama da aka wakilta wani sabon abu kira Xenu. Its ma'anar ta'allaka ne da cewa hirtsinta kai tsaye shafi da kaddarorin da kuma halaye na endosperm. Alal misali, sama da masara.

Yana da wani rawaya da fari tsaba. Su launi dogara da launi na endosperm. Bayan pollination na mace furanni tare da pollen Belozernaya masara iri zheltozernogo ta zanen zai har yanzu zama rawaya, yayin da endosperm ci gaban auku a kan mai shuka da fari wake.

Mene ne rawar da flowering shuke-shuke?

Wadannan shuke-shuke asusu na 13 000 yawan haihuwa da 250 000 jinsunan. Suna amfani da yadu a duniya. Flowering tsire-tsire - wadannan suna da key aka gyara na Muciya, samar da kwayoyin abubuwa da kisa carbon dioxide da kuma emit oxygen. Waje kiwo abinci sarkar ta fara da su. Mutane da yawa jinsunan flowering shuke-shuke da mutum yana amfani da abinci. Daga cikin wadannan, gina gidaje da kuma yin daban-daban iyali kayan.

Ba za a iya yi ba tare da su, da kuma magani. Wasu iri angiosperms ne marinjãya a cikin duniya, da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar da kuma kafa ciyayi cover babban ɓangare na ƙasa phytomass. Qarshe, shi ne wadannan shuke-shuke da aka ƙaddara da yiwuwar kasancewar mutum a duniya kamar yadda wani irin nazarin halittu.