Cars, Lorries
Hallaka: dalla-dalla. Aukuwa aji hallaka da su iri
A tarihin na soja fleets na manyan ikokin da muhimmanci teku fadace-fadace na da XIX karni aka inextricably nasaba da hallaka. Yau wannan ya daina wadanda brisk gudun jiragen tare da kananan hijirar, a sananne misali na wanda shi ne "Zamvolt" irin hallaka cikin US, a karshen shekarar 2015 saki a kan teku gwaji.
Menene hallaka
Rushe, kuma a takaice, da hallakarwa - wani aji na warships. Multi-gudun maneuverable jiragen ruwa suka asali tsara don sakonnin, kuma ya halaka maƙiyi jiragen ruwa tare da manyan bindigogi wuta yayin da kare mai rundujar soja masu dawaki da nauyi jinkirin-motsi jiragen ruwa. By da farkon yakin duniya na farko, babban manufar hallaka - torpedo kai farmaki ya fi girma, maƙiyi jiragen ruwa. War kumbura cikin kewayon ayyuka hallaka, suna amfani da anti-submarine kuma anti-jirgin sama tsaro, da hari. Shi ya fara kara da darajar a cikin jiragen ruwa, muhimmanci ƙara kawar da kuma firepower.
Yau, suka bauta ma su yi yaƙi da submarines, jirãge da jirgin sama (jirgin sama da makamai masu linzami) maƙiyi.
Hallaka su ne a kan masu gadi wajibi, su za a iya amfani da shi don bincike, samar da manyan bindigogi goyon bayan a lokacin da saukowa da kuma sa minefields.
Da farko ya zo da aji na haske motocin, su seaworthiness sun low, da kansa ba za su iya yin aiki. Su main makamai sun nawa. Don magance su a cikin da yawa fleets sun bayyana abin da ake kira mayakan - kananan high-gudun tasoshin, ga abin da torpedoes farkon XX karni na musamman hadari tunanin. Daga baya, wadannan jiragen ruwa suka mai suna hallaka su.
Rushe - saboda a torpedo kafin juyin juya halin da aka kira a Rasha kai-propelled mahakar. Rundujar soja masu dawaki - saboda tsaro da wani rundujar soja masu dawaki da kuma amsa a su da wani ɓangare na Maritime da Oceanic zone.
Fage na aji hallaka
Torpedoes dauke da makamai Birtaniya Navy zo game da a karshe kwata daga cikin XIX karni. Kuma na farko hallaka aka gina a 1877 hallaka "Walƙiya" (UK) da kuma "Bang" (Rasha). Kananan high-gudun da cheap, don samar, za su iya nutse mai girma jirgin na line.
Bayan shekaru biyu, domin Birtaniya jiragen ruwa da aka gina goma sha more iko hallaka, France - goma sha biyu, zuwa Austria-Hungary da kuma Denmark - daya bayan daya.
Nasara nawa mataki Rasha jiragen a lokacin da Rasha-Turkish yaki na 1877-1878. da kuma ci gaban torpedoes kai ga halittar minonosnogo rundunar ra'ayi cewa domin kāriyar ~ ar ruwan ba bukatar babban tsada armadillos, wannan matsalar iya warware da yawa daga kananan high-gudun jiragen minonosnyh da kananan hijira. A cikin eighties na XIX karni shi fara wani real "minonosny" albarku. Kawai cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da iko - Birtaniya da Faransa da kuma Rasha - yi a cikin fleets, 325 hallaka. A bayansa da da irin wannan kotu da kuma Amurka Navy, Austria-Hungary, Jamus, Italiya da sauran kasashen Turai.
Wadanda Maritime al'ummai kusan lokaci guda hau a cikin halittar jirãge, su hallaka torpedo jiragen da kuma tawa. Wadannan "mayakan hallaka" sun zama kamar Greyhound, kuma torpedoes, da zama wani ɓangare na makamai da kuma manyan bindigogi da wannan ikon ajiye, kazalika da sauran manyan jirãge, babban jiragen ruwa.
Kawar da "jirgin saman soja" ya kasance mafi girma fiye da na hallaka.
Prototypes hallaka bisa ga Burtaniya torpedo rago "Polifemus" Gina a 1892, da rashin wanda yake mai rauni manyan bindigogi da makamai, Cruisers "m" da kuma "Scout" gunboats "Dryad" type ( "Halcyon") da kuma "Sharpshuter" "Jason" ( " ƙararrawa "), a manyan hallakarwa" Swift "gina a 1894 tare da m makamai, isa ya halakar da makiya hallaka.
A Birtaniya ma gina domin Japan sulke hallakar da farko-aji "Kotak" manyan hijirar da wani iko da ikon shuka da kuma da-sanye take, amma tare da unsatisfactory seaworthiness, da kuma bayan shi da jirgin wajen yaki da hallaka "destructor" izini da Spain, inda aka classified a matsayin torpedo gunboat .
farko hallaka
A madawwami adawa na Birtaniya da kuma Faransa na sojan ruwa Burtaniya na farko gina for shida jiragen ruwa, wanda ya bambanta da ɗan a cikin bayyanar, amma yana kama da handling halaye da kuma m makamai juya don warware matsaloli torpedo hallaka ko jirgin saman soja. Hijirar ya game 270 m, gudun - 26 kullin. Amfani da makamai da wadannan jiragen ruwa daya 76mm, 57mm uku bindigogi da kuma uku torpedo shambura. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa, ko da na lokaci daya shigarwa na dukan makaman ba zai shafi maneuverability da kuma sauri. Baka da jirgin ruwa da aka rufe Karalas ( "kunkuru harsashi"), wanda ya kare da conning hasumiyar da kuma shigar a kan shi a dandali na babban wuta. Fences, breakwaters a tarnaƙi na gida kare Sauran gun.
Faransa farko Rushe da aka gina a shekara ta ƙarshe na XIX, da kuma Amurka - a farkon gaba karni. A Amurka, 16 hallaka aka gina shekaru hudu.
A Rasha, a kan nuna na karni da aka gina ba su da sunayen, don haka ya kira lasisi hallaka. Lokacin da kawar da 90-150 ton su isa gudun 25 kullin, daya m aka gyarawa, biyu m torpedo da haske gun.
Independent aji hallaka fara bayan da yaki 1904-1905 gg tare da Japan.
Hallaka farkon karni XX
A kan nuna na karni a yi na da ikon shuka tururi inji mai farfela hallaka zo. Irin wannan canji zai iya cika fuska ƙara gudun daga cikin jirgin. Origin hallakarwa tare da sabon powerplant domin gwaje-gwaje su iya ci gaba da wani gudun 36 kullin.
Sa'an nan Ingila fara gina hallaka aiki a cikin mai, ba ci. Wadannan ta ruwa da man fetur fara motsa fleets na wasu ƙasashe. A Rasha, shi ne aikin "Novik", gina a 1910.
Rasha-Japanese yaki na tsaro na Port Arthur da Battle of Tsushima, wadda ta zo tare da tara Rasha da kuma ashirin da daya Japan hallakarwa, ya nuna kāsawar da irin wannan jirgi da wani rauni na makãmansu.
By 1914, da korar hallaka karu zuwa 1000 ton. Su hulls aka sanya na bakin ciki karfe, gyarawa da kuma mobile guda-tube torpedo shambura maye gurbinsu Multi-tubular a kan wani juyawa dandamali tare da tsayayyen cikinta Tantancewar gani. Torpedo zama mai girma, da gudun ƙara muhimmanci da kuma iyaka.
Canza yanayin sauran matuƙan kuma hallaka ƙungiya sanda. Jami'an samu a raba gida a karon farko a Burtaniya hallakarwa "River" a 1902.
A lokacin yakin hallaka tare da kawar da na sama zuwa daya da rabi dubu ton, gudun 37 kullin tururi boilers tare da mai nozzles, hudu sau uku tube torpedo launchers da biyar bindigogi zamo 88 mm ko 102 rayayye halarci sintiri, 'yan hari ayyukan, saitin minefields, hawa sojojin. A cikin mafi girma sojan ruwa yaki na yaki - yakin Jutland - halartar fiye da 80 Birtaniya da kuma Jamus 60 hallaka.
A wannan yaki, da hallaka fara yin wani aiki - don kare jiragen ruwa daga hari submarines, kai hare hare da su da manyan bindigogi wuta ko wani battering rago. Wannan ya karfafa housings hallaka, kayan aiki na hydrophones domin ganewa na submarines da kuma zurfin zargin. A karo na farko da submarine aka sunk da zurfin zargin hallakarwa "Llewellyn" a watan Disamba 1916.
Birtaniya halitta a lokacin yaki, wani sabon rabo - "shugaban na hallaka," tare da manyan siffofin da makamai fiye da talakawan da hallakarwa. Yana da aka yi nufi ga kawo harin da ta hallaka, da yaki da abokan gaba, kula da kungiyoyin na hallaka da kuma bincike rundujar soja masu dawaki a.
Hallaka a cikin interwar lokaci
The kwarewa da yakin duniya na farko ya nuna cewa kasa torpedoes hallaka domin fama. Don ƙara yawan bursts a cikin tsarin da shida na'urorin aka shigar bututu.
Wani sabon mataki a cikin shiri na wannan irin jiragen ruwa za a iya daukan Japan hallaka type "Fubuki". Su makamai kunshi shida iko biyar-inch bindigogi da manyan kwana na tadawa, wanda za a iya amfani da anti-jirgin sama da kuma uku sau uku-tube torpedo shambura tare da oxygen torpedoes rubuta 93 "Long Lens". Wadannan Japan torpedo hallaka maye gurbin sauri recharging na'urorin fara sanya a cikin bene superstructure.
Amurka hallaka, "Porter" ayyukan "Mahan" da "Gridley 'da aka Fitted da biyar-inch twin bindigogi, sa'an nan ya karu da yawan torpedo shambura 12 da kuma 16 bi da bi.
Faransa hallaka, "Jaguar" type riga ya kawar da na biyu da dubu. M da kuma 130 mm igwa.
A daidai da Hitler ta rearmament shirin gina karin hallaka da kuma Jamus, kamar jirgin ruwa, 1934 muna da wani hijirar na 3 da dubu. T, amma matalauta da sabis. Hallaka irin 1936 an dauke da makamai 150-mm m bindigogi.
Jamusawa hallaka amfani da wani tururi inji mai farfela shigarwa tare da high-matsa lamba tururi. An m bayani, amma shi ya kai ga tsanani matsaloli a cikin makanikai.
A bambanci, Japan da kuma Jamus shirye-shirye da gina manyan hallaka, Birtaniya da kuma jama'ar {asar Amirka ya fara haifar da haske, amma mafi yawa jiragen ruwa. Birtaniya hallakarwa iri A, B, C, D, E, F, G, kuma H tare da kawar da 1.4 dubu. T da takwas torpedo shambura da hudu 120 mm zamo bindigogi. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda suka gina kamar "Tribal" hallakarwa tare da korar fiye da 1.8 dubu. Ton da hudu gun turrets, a cikin abin da takwas twin-ma'auni 4.7-inch bindigogi saka.
Sa'an nan kuma akwai aka iyo hallaka J irin tare da goma torpedo shambura da uku hasumiyoyin da shida guda biyu kayan aikin, da kuma L, wanda aka kafa a shida guda biyu sabuwar duniya bindigogi da kuma takwas torpedo shambura.
Amurka hallaka type "Benson," hijirar na 1.6 dubu. T, goma sun m torpedo shambura da biyar 127-mm (5 inci) kayayyakin aiki.
Tarayyar Soviet kafin yakin duniya na II hallaka gina domin aikin da kammala 7U 7, a cikin abin da echelon tsari na da ikon shuka ya inganta da survivability jiragen ruwa. Sun ci gaba da gudun 38 kullin a kawar da na game 1.9 dubu. T.
1/38 ga aikin da aka gina shida shugabannin hallaka. (Head - "Leningrad") da kawar da na game 3 dubu ton, a gudun 43 kullin da wani cruising kewayon 2.1 dubu mil ..
A Italiya, domin Black jiragen ruwa shi aka gina shugaban hallakarwa "Uzbekistan" dubu ton tare da kawar da na 4.2, tare da wani matsakaicin gudun 44 kulli da cruising iyaka ne mafi girma daga 5 dubu. Miles a 25 kullin gudun.
A gwaninta daga cikin yakin duniya na biyu
A lokacin yakin duniya na II, ya dauki wani aiki sashi jirgin sama, ciki har da a fama gudanar a teku. A kan hallaka fara hanzari kafa anti-aircraft bindigogi da kuma radars. A yaki da riga mafi m submarines fara amfani da rokoki.
Hallaka ne "consumable" fleets dukan m kasashen. Su ne mafi m jirãge, ya halarci dukkan fadace-fadace a duk sinimomi na ayyukan soji a teku. Jamus hallaka cewa lokacin da kawai wani gefen dakin.
By tsakiyar XX karni, wasu hallaka a lokacin yaki, ba don gina tsada sabon jiragen ruwa, an kyautata musamman domin anti-submarine yaƙi.
Har ila yau, an gina wata yawan fi girma, dauke da makamai atomatik bindigogi daga cikin manyan wuta, rokoki, radar, Sonar jiragen ruwa: Soviet hallaka Project 30-bis da 56, English - "tsoro" da kuma American "Forrest Sherman."
Era makami mai linzami hallaka
Tun da sittin daga cikin karni na karshe tare da zuwan jifa "ƙasa-ƙasa" da "kasa-da-iska" babbar Maritime iko fara gina hallaka tare da shiryar da makamai masu linzami (Rasha raguwa - URO, English - DDG). Da shi shi ne Soviet jiragen ruwa na aikin 61, English - kamar "County" American - type "Charles F. Adams."
By ƙarshen XX karni Heart iyakoki tsakanin gaskiya hallaka, dauke da makamai frigates da Cruisers.
A cikin Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1981 ya fara gina hallaka na aikin 956 (type "ungulu" ko "na zamani"). Waɗannan su ne kawai Soviet jiragen ruwa da aka asali classified a matsayin hallaka. Su aka yi nufi ga magance surface da kuma sojojin da goyon bayan da saukowa, sa'an nan ga anti-submarine kuma anti-aircraft tsaron gida.
956 domin aikin da gina mai hallakarwa "Naci", na yanzu flagship na Baltic jiragen ruwa. Yana da aka kaddamar a watan Janairu 1991.
Rushe m launchers anti-jirgin cruise jifa "sauro" (biyu yan hudu), anti-jirgin sama da makami mai linzami hadaddun "m" (2 raka'a), sextuple rokoki RBU-1000 (2 raka'a), biyu su guda biyu gun firam 130 mm, sextuple AK-630 (4 shigarwa), biyu twin torpedo shambura zamo 533 mm. A kan jirgin cikin jirgin ne Ka-27.
Na riga gina tare da sabuwar kasance hallaka of India Navy har kwanan nan. Jirãge kamar "Delhi" an dauke da makamai anti-jirgin da makamai masu linzami da kewayon rauni 130 km, Sam "m" (Rasha) da kuma videos Barak (Isra'ila) domin tsaro, da Rasha anti-submarine roka bombometnye shigarwa RBU-6000 sawa da biyar torpedo shiryar da torpedoes zamo 533 mm. Helipad da aka tsara don biyu masu saukar ungulu Sea Sarki. Ana sa ran a nan gaba don maye gurbin wadannan jiragen ruwa hallaka na "Kolkata".
Yau hallakarwa DDG-1000 Zumwalt Amurka Navy intercepted dabino.
Hallaka a cikin XXI karni
Dukan manyan fleets kayyade general yayi na gina sabon hallaka. Babban daya ne da yin amfani da umurninSa, kuma kula da tsarin kama da Amurka "Aegis» (AEGIS), wanda aka nufi Ya halakar da ba kawai da jirgin sama, amma kuma makamai masu linzami "jirgin-to-jirgin" da "iska-to-jirgin."
A lokacin da samar da sabon jiragen ruwa dole ne a yi amfani Stealth fasahar: amfani da radiation-absorbent abu, musamman tsara da lissafi siffar, duk da haka, misali, daban-daban irin hallakarwa USS Zumwalt.
A sabon hallaka su a karu da sauri, game da shi kara da habitability da seaworthiness.
A zamani jiragen ruwa fiye da mataki na aiki da kai, amma ya kamata a kara, da kuma, sabili da haka, yana bukatar ya girma da rabo daga karin ikon raka'a.
A fili yake cewa duk wadannan matakai kai ga wani Yunƙurin a cikin kudin na gina jiragen ruwa, don haka da ingantaccen inganta su iya aiki dole ne saboda downsizing.
The hallaka na sabon karni dole wuce a size da kuma kawar da duk samuwa zuwa yau jiragen ruwa da irin wannan. A sabon hallakarwa DDG-1000 Zumwalt dauke da wani rikodin ga muhallinsa, shi ne 14 dubu. Ton. Jiragen irin wannan suna shirya ya shiga cikin Amurka Navy a farkon shekara ta 2016, na farko daga cikinsu sun riga fara teku gwaji.
Af, Rasha hallaka Project 23560, wanda, kamar yadda ya yi alkawari, za a gina ta 2020, za a kawar da na 18 da dubu. Ton.
A Rasha daftarin na wani sabon hallakarwa
Bisa ga aikin 23560, wadda bisa ga rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru, shi ne a mataki na na ra'ayi zane, an shirya zuwa gina 12 jiragen ruwa. Rushe "shugaban" tsawon mita 200 da nisa daga 23 kamata da Unlimited cruising iyaka, a cikin m kewayawa don zama kwanaki 90, da isa wani matsakaicin tafiya gudun 32 kullin. An zaci classic layout na jirgin amfani Stealth fasaha.
Alamar rahama hallakar da ' "Jagoran" (surface jirãge na Oceanic zone) za a gina, mafi m da makaman nukiliya ikon shuka, kuma yana da wani sashe 60 ko 70 cruise linzami boye sansanonin. Yana kamata su boye a mahakar da surface-to-air makami mai linzami, wanda ya zama m 128, ciki har da Sam "Poliment-redoubt." Antisubmarine makamai ya kamata kunshi 16-24-tanki shiryar da makamai masu linzami (Plourac'h). Hallaka sama da duniya zamo manyan bindigogi tsarin 130 mm A-192 "Armat" da kuma embarkation dandamali ga biyu multipurpose jirage masu saukar ungulu.
All data har yanzu suna ƙiyashi da za a iya gyara a nan gaba.
Navy jami'an yi imani da cewa "Jagoran" irin hallaka ne Multi-manufa abin hawa, bauta a matsayin ainihin hallaka, anti-submarine jiragen ruwa, da kuma watakila makami mai linzami Cruisers "Orlan".
Rushe "Zamvolt"
Type hallaka Zumwalt - a key kashi na Amurka Navy ta shirin na surface warships na XXI karni (surface Combatant SC-21).
Rasha hallakar da ' "Jagoran" - wannan tambaya na iya zama, ba shi da nisa, amma nan gaba.
Kuma a nan ne na farko da sabon nau'in hallakarwa DDG-1000 Zumwalt riga kaddamar, da kuma a farkon Disamba 2015 fara da samar da gwaje-gwaje. A peculiar siffar mai hallakarwa ya kira cushe, ta ƙwanso da superstructure kusan uku da santimita a kauri rufi da mamaye kayan (1 inch), da yawan protruding antennas an rage zuwa m.
Hallaka type "Zamvolt" tsawon na 183 m, mai gudun hijira har zuwa dubu 15. T da kuma hada ikon babban iko shuka 106 dubu. L. wani. iya isa gudun 30 kullin. Bã su da wani iko radar damar da suke iya gane a babban nisa ba kawai low-tashi makamai masu linzami, amma kuma jirage na 'yan ta'adda.
Tara makamai hallaka hada da 20 a tsaye launchers MK 57 VLS, da lasafta 80 roka "Tomahawk», ASROC ko ESSM, biyu m-Zenith Mk 110 gun tare da wani zamo kamar 57 mm gated, biyu 155-mm AGS bindigogi da kewayon 370 km, biyu tubular 324-mm torpedo shambura.
Jirãge iya tushen 2 SH-60 helikofta Sea Hawk ko 3 UAVs MQ-8 wuta Scout.
"Zamvolt" - irin su hallaka, wanda babban aiki ne don halakar da makiya bakin wurare. Har ila yau, irin wannan jirgi ya iya yadda ya kamata magance surface, karkashin ruwa da kuma iska hari da kuma maƙiyi manyan bindigogi wuta goyon bayan sojojin.
"Zamvolt" ne embodiment na fasahar ta zamani, shi ne latest zuwa kwanan ƙaddamar hallakarwa. Ayyukan India da kuma Rasha sun ba tukuna aiwatar, da kuma irin wannan jirgin, ga alama, ya ba tukuna gudu tafarkinsa.
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