International ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature: description, ainihin sharuddan da ban sha'awa facts

Kowane sashen a cikin jikin mutum yana da wani sunan. Kowa ya san shi, amma 'yan mutane fiye da sauran likitoci, da sanin cewa kowane dimple, hump, sako ko tsagi ma taken "miyãgun sunãye na laƙabõbĩ". A farkon hanya haltta wani siffatawa kimiyya daga cikin jerin "Ina ganin, ina raira waƙa", don haka kowane fall karkashin hannu bangaren na likitoci kira wani sabon sunan.

Tarihi, da cewa harshen zaba don sadarwa a wani kwararren likita yanayi ya zama Latin. babu bukatar mu bayyana, amma me ya sa ya tsaya sai anjima a duniyar kimiyya - - Me ya sa wannan ya faru asiri ko for "ikon masu amfani" likita yanayi. Zai yiwu fita daga al'ada.

definition

Nomenclature - an samu daga cikin Latin kalmar "list". A gaskiya, wannan ya kafa sharuddan, sunayen da asali Concepts cewa an yi amfani da wani reshe na ilmi. Domin yadda ya kamata sa shi dole don amfani da rarrabuwa tsarin.

Ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature ne a tsarin da sharuddan a Latin, wanda designate da sassan jiki, gabobin ko da wani ɓaɓɓake daga gare ta. Ware kasa nomenclature, wanda a kan yi a kan kasa na harshe, a cikin yanayin - da Rasha da kuma na kasa da kasa, hukuncin kisa a Latin.

Ana zargin ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature

Ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature ya fito a matsayin mai sakamako na jari na mutum ilmi game da nasu jiki. A wani matsayi, akwai bukatar zuwa systematize duk samuwa bayanai a lokacin. Ko da yake nomenclature aka kõma sama a Latin, akwai mutane da yawa sharuddan da suke Greek da Larabci asalinsu. Wannan shi ne saboda ci gaban da magani a Gabas.

The sosai farko definition bayyana game da shekaru dubu biyar da suka wuce a zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Sun bayyana sporadically da kuma dogara kawai akan hasashen da kallo anatomist. A wannan lokacin, likitoci san game da ɗari bakwai sunayen. Lokacin da Romawa nasara Girka kuma suka jũya dukan yankin cikin wani daular, suka soma da al'adu da kuma kimiyya nasarori, ya kara da wani sa na ta sharuddan a Latin.

Babban pool daga wadannan Concepts, kazalika da farko rarrabuwa samarwa anatomist kuma likita Claudius Gallen. Saboda da yaduwa daga sharuddan a Tsakiya da kuma arewacin Turai, sabon kalmar siffofin, hybrids da barbarisms cewa daidai da rabe-fasali na yankin. A girma yawan ma'ana tsakanin ilimin Halittar Jiki sunayen ba Yunƙurin zuwa hargitsi da ne dalilin da kuskure.

A ci gaba a cikin XIX karni nomenclature

Ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature ɓullo da haphazardly kamar yadda a Florence a cikin XV karni akwai ba wani m artist Leonardo Vinci. Ya sanya wani ƙoƙari systematize sunayen tsokoki na jikin mutum, a matsayin rarrabuwa yin amfani da su aiki. A kadan daga baya, bayan mutuwar Vinci, Vesalius kokarin bayar da gudummawa ga jerawa mix da kuma cire daga shi da definition daga cikin Larabawa da kuma canja duk kasashen waje kalmomi a na gargajiya Latin.

Duk da wannan duka, da karshen karni na sha takwas, akwai fiye da talatin da dubu sunayen sarauta. Hakika, da lambar da za a rage. Henle da Owen sanya su canje-canje a terminology da Concepts gabatar kamar jirage da gatura. A karshen, musamman hukumar, wanda a cikin marigayi karni na sha tara da aka m, a cikin su view, jerin sharuddan da aka halitta a Jamus. Ya samu wani dace sunan - Basel ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature.

key sharuddan

International ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature dogara ne a kan wani aramin rukuni na kalmomi cewa an fi sau da yawa amfani. Wadannan suna hada da wani rami, tashar, kunya outgrowth kwarin kunya surface gwargwado, baki da kuma kama. Su ake bukata don bayyana bayyanar da sashin jiki ko tsari. Tare da wakilci na kalmar hada manufofi kamar babban, kananan, m, zagaye, kunkuntar, fadi, square, da sauransu. D. Su taimakawa ga mafi alhẽri fahimtar ilimin Halittar Jiki Tsarin.

da kalmomin amfani da su bayyana halin da ake ciki:

• kaikaice (located nisa daga cibiyar).
• tsakiya (a kusa da tsakiya).
• girman kwanyar (kusa da kai).
• caudal (kusa zuwa kasa);
• proximal (a kusa da cibiyar).
• distal (ga periphery).

Akwai, ba shakka, mai yawa sharuddan da ka kawai bukatar mu koyi, saboda ba za ka iya yi da hikima dalilin da ya sa aka kira su da cewa hanyar da ba in ba haka ba.

Axis da jirgin sama

A watan Agusta, 1997, da karshe ranar ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature aka amince. Axis da jirgin sama, wanda bayyana matsayin da jikinsu, yanke shawarar amfani da daya a cikin Cartesian tsara tsarin.

Akwai uku axis na jiki:

• tsaye.
• sagittal.
• a kwance.

Su perpendicular zuwa juna. A tsaye axis wuce ta wurin jikin mutum da kuma raba shi a cikin gaba da raya rabo. Sagittal yana da wani gaban mayar da shugabanci da kuma raba da gawar a cikin dama da hagu tarnaƙi. A kwance jirgin sama ne a layi daya ga goyon baya. Sagittal da kuma mai gangara gatura iya ciyar da wasu, kuma a tsaye - daya kawai.

Paris da Basel ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature

Paris ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature ne m zuwa yanzu duniya kayan aiki. Soma a cikin tsakiyar karni na ashirin, a cikin Shida International Congress of Anatomists. Yana da aka ɓullo da a kan tushen da baya nomenclature. The daftarin aiki da aka dauka a matsayin tushen jawo sama da kasa terminology.

Tun da farko, na farko nomenclature da aka soma a 1895, a cikin Jamus ilimin Halittar Jiki al'umma taron a Basel, wanda ya samu amincewar kasashen duniya. A da shi aka dogara ne a kan sharuddan da cewa nuna shugabanci na gatura da jirage.

Rasha ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature

Kamar yadda shi ma da hali a Rasha? Ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature mutum a kasar mu samar da farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha takwas. Sai a wannan lokaci a kasar nan ya fara bayyana likita wallafe a Rasha. Taimako zuwa ga ci gaba da terminology ya yi irin shahararren anatomists kamar yadda Zybelin, Ambodik - Maksimovic, Zagorski da sauransu. A musamman abin yabo a inganta kasa da kasa nomenclature nasa Shein, wanda aka fassara da Jamusanci edition a mutuniyarsu harshen.

Yana yiwuwa a gabatar da wani yawa na Rasha sharuddan a yau da kullum likita ƙamus. Su ne daban-daban daga Latin cewa kasance mafi m da kuma ma'ana. Kuma baicin, shi ba ya bukatar sanin Latin fahimtar kayan yau da kullum na ilmin jikin mutum. Muhimmanci wuri a cikin gabatarwa play nomenclature "Ƙamus na ilimin Halittar Jiki sharuddan", da aka buga a 1928.

A Soviet sau da ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature da aka soma a shekara ta 1949 a All-Union Congress of Anatomists. Kuma a cikin 1956, shi da aka soma a rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma Paris nomenclature.

Eponyms da atavism

Latin - mai matattu harshe, saboda haka ta sami cikin anachronisms da atavism. Shin ba togiya da ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature. Key sharuddan da shi za a iya halitta ta amfani da haduwa da sunaye da manufofi, kazalika da bambancin da wadannan kayayyaki a lokuta. Jumillar adadin sharuddan - game da dubu bakwai. Wasu daga cikin su zamanto kawai sau daya, kamar "ragged rami", "keel", "filtrum". Amma wannan shi ne kawai farkon. Ka tuna sunayen jikinsu ko su gyara - kawai rabin yaƙi, kana bukatar ka fahimci yadda suke wurinta zumunta ga juna, da kuma abin da aikin aka yi. A nomenclature na kundayen ba a rubuta.

Duk da cewa da terminology za a iya gani a kan wani akai-akai, kuma daga gare ta cire ba dole ba yi, shi ne har yanzu wani lokacin sami m hade da cewa zai iya uninitiated m. Misalan da za a iya kira "mai tsoka da girman kai" vagus jijiya ephippium da sauransu.

kwafi

Ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature, kamar yadda mai mulkin, bayar a cikin nau'i na littattafai ko littattafansa, a cikin abin da sharuddan da aka bã a harsuna da dama. Yawancin lokaci shi ne Latin da kuma na kasa harsuna, kamar Rasha. Written daga hagu zuwa classic kasa da kasa sharuddan, da kuma dama da suka Kwafin a wani harshe. Bugu da kari, a farkon littafin ne jerin kowa sharuddan da su abbreviations, su sa shi sauki to kewaya.

All kalmomi da phrases ana shirya a kungiyoyin, nuna su matsayi matsayi. Da farko ne sashin jiki tsarin, to, kõwane tsarin a cikin thematic sub-kungiyoyin, sa'an nan kuma karya sharuddan da kowane samuwar. Wannan matsayi za a iya nuna font canje-canje, na lamba ko alphabetic ciphers, da kuma canji a cikin matsayin da kalmar a jere.

Akwai bugu na ilimin Halittar Jiki nomenclature, wanda a lokaci guda daidai da sharuddan a kan uku ko fiye da harsuna. Haduwa iya zama sosai daban-daban, amma Latin harshe ne ko da yaushe ba, da kuma sauran an bar su da dandano na ƙãga, kuma daukan la'akari da bukatun da tallace-tallace kasuwar. Idan wannan shi ne kasashen Turai da aka mamaye Turanci, Faransanci da kuma Jamus. A Asia - Sin ko Japan.