Janar Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money Dzhona Meynarda Keynes: summary

"Janar Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money" da aka rubuta ta Birtaniya tattalin arziki John Maynard Keynes. Wannan littafin ya zama ya magnum opus. Author na "The Janar Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money" shi ne na farko da su ayyana cikin tsari da kuma jerin sharuddan na zamani macroeconomics. Bayan da bazawa na aikin a watan Fabrairu 1936, akwai wani da ake kira Keynesian juyin juya halin. Mutane da yawa tattalin arziki sun gusa daga gargajiya imani cewa kasuwanni zai iya da kansa mayar da cikakken aiki bayan da wucin gadi kona. A littafin da aka fara gabatar da irin wannan Concepts yanzu da aka sani da multiplier, amfani aiki, m yawan aiki na babban birnin kasar, tasiri da bukatar da ake son for liquidity.

Dzhon Meynard Keyns: Summary

A nan gaba kafa na zamani macroeconomics aka haife shi a 1883 a birnin Cambridge. Da ra'ayoyin da aka qaddara fundamentallno canza ka'idar da yi na jama'a yanke shawara a cikin tattalin arziki filin. Dzhon Meynard Keyns ne daya daga cikin mafi m masana kimiyya na karni na 20th. Ya karyata hakan na gargajiya ka'idar tasiri na "ganuwa hannu" na kasuwar. Keynes zo ga ƙarshe cewa batutuwan tattalin arziki aiki ne m da tara bukatar. Saboda haka, yana da karshe, kuma ya kamata mayar da hankali a jihar a matsayin master kayyadewa, wanda aiki ne na magance kasuwanci hawan keke. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kusan duk raya ƙasashe sun tushen su manufofin daidai da Keynesian views. Interest a cikin wannan yanki ya fara Wane a cikin 1970s dangane da rashin iyawa don sarrafa high kumbura matakan. Duk da haka, bayan da rikicin kudi na 2007-2008. Kasashe da dama sun fara komawa zuwa Keynesian hanyoyin da tsari da kuma aiki gwamnatin sa baki a cikin kasa da tattalin arziki, kamar yadda gãdar Keynes. "Janar Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money" yana dauke da babban aiki na masanin kimiyya. Yana ƙunshi dukkan muhimman terminology da kuma model na wannan Trend.

"Janar Theory of Employment, Interest, kuma Money": littafin

Ainihin ra'ayin Keynes magnum opus ne cewa yawan marasa aikin yi ba a ƙaddara da farashin aiki, kamar yadda gani neoclassic da tara bukatar. The kafa macroeconomics zaton cewa cikakken aiki ba za a iya cimma kawai da kasuwar sunadaran. Saboda haka shi wajibi ne cikin bakin wata uku karfi, da cewa shi ne jihar. Aiki "General Theory of Employment, Interest da Kudi," ya bayyana cewa underutilization na samar iya aiki da kuma underinvestment - wata halitta Jihar harkokin cikin kasuwar tattalin arzikin, wanda ke kula na musamman da "ganuwa hannunka." The masanin kimiyya ta bayar da hujjar cewa rashin gasar - wannan ba wata babbar matsala, wani lokaci har ma da rage a Hakkin ba ya yin halitta ƙarin jobs. Keynes daga farkon sosai na littafinsa. Ya yi imani da cewa ta zai iya juya juye duk gargajiya views. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga aboki Bernard Shaw a 1935, Dzhon Keyns rubuta: "Na yi imani da cewa yin rubutu a littafi a kan tattalin arziki da ka'idar, wanda zai zama babban nasara - mana, ba nan da nan, amma a kan gaba shekaru goma - yadda duniya ya yanke shawarar tasowa tattalin arziki da matsaloli. " Wannan asali aikin kunshi 6 littattafai (kundin), ko 24 surori.

foreword

"Janar Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money" da aka buga nan da nan cikin hudu harsuna: Turanci, Jamusanci, Japan da kuma Faransanci. Don kowane na wallafe, Keynes rubuta da foreword. Girmamawa da aka sanya shi a cikin su kadan daban. A cikin Turanci edition aikinsa, Keynes da shawara duk tattalin arziki, amma fatan cewa shi zai zama da amfani ga duk wanda ya karanta shi. Yana kuma Notes, ko na fili da farko duba, amma duk da wannan aboki, rubuta shekaru biyar a baya tsakanin ta da sauran littafin - "rubutun a kan Money."

gabatarwar

Mene ne aikin da "General Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money"? A takaice ta ainihi za a iya bayyana a matsayin: bukatar halitta tsari, da kuma baya da halin da ake ciki shi ne ba zai yiwu ba. A babin farko daukan kawai rabin wani page. Total girma a cikin uku sassan:

• "Janar Theory."
• "The postulates na gargajiya tattalin arziki."
• "A manufa na tasiri bukatar."

A sama sassan, Keynes ya bayyana dalilin da ya yi imani da cewa wannan littafin zai iya canja ra'ayi na tattalin arziki game da tattalin arzikin aiki. Ya ce, sunan da aka zaɓa musamman domin haskaka da bambance-bambance da na gargajiya ka'idar, da yin amfani da binciken da suke tasiri ne kawai a wasu lokuta, amma ba koyaushe.

Littafi II: «Ma'anar da kuma ra'ayoyin"

Ya kunshi hudu surori:

• "Zabi da raka'a ji."
• "The tsammanin na biyu samar da aikin yi determinants".
• "A definition na samun kudin shiga, ajiyar banki da kuma zuba jari."
• "A mafi cikakken tattaunawa."

"The propensity zuwa cinye"

The uku girma ya bayyana jigon amfani da bayyana yadda shi stimulates tattalin arziki aiki. Keynes yi imani da cewa a lokacin da ciki kamata gwamnati zata sake farawa da "engine" tare da ƙarin tsada. Wannan littafi ya kunshi uku surori:

• "Dindindin dalilai".
• "Kayadadden determinants".
• "The m propensity zuwa cinye da multiplier."

A cewar Keynes, kasuwa ba shi da ikon kai-tsari. Ya ba su yi imani da cewa da cikakken aiki ne na halitta jihar da cewa shi ne tabbatar da kafa cikin dogon lokacin da. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci a jihar baki. Ci gaban tattalin arziki, a cewar wakilan Keynesianism, shi ne gaba ɗaya dogara a kan m kasafin kudi da kuma manufofin kudi.

"A dalili da su zuba jari"

The m yawan aiki na babban birnin kasar - da rabo tsakanin albashi m da kudin. Keynes daidaita shi zuwa rangwame kudi. A karo na hudu littafin kunshi 10 surori:

• "The m yawan aiki na babban birnin kasar."
• "A jihar dogon lokacin da tsammanin."
• "The janar ka'idar amfani."
• "Classical Theory".
• "M da kuma kasuwanci basin liquidity."
• "Various lura game da yanayin da babban birnin kasar."
• "Asali Properties na Interest da Kudi".
• "Janar Theory of Employment, sabuwar tsara".
• "The aiki na rashin aikin yi."
• "Price Theory".

"Brief Notes"

Complete fice macroeconomic aikin ( "General Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money"), marubucin comments a uku surori:

• "A cikin cinikin sake zagayowar."
• "A mercantilism, riba dokokin, ƙirƙira kudi da kuma underconsumption theories."
• "A cikin zaman jama'a falsafa.

A karshe babi, Keynes rubuta: "... da ra'ayoyi na tattalin arziki da siyasa da masana falsafa, ko da kuwa ko suna daidai, suna da iko fiye da aka fiye ĩmãni. Lalle ne, duniya da aka mulki ta hanyar kadan daban. Practical maza, waɗanda suka yi ĩmãni da kansu gaba daya cin gashin kansa daga cikin tunani na masana kimiyya, yawanci bayi na wasu rusasshiyar tattalin arziki. Crazy a ikon samu ra'ayoyi daga bara ta articles wasu scribblers daga duniyar kimiyya. Ni m cewa da ikon bada bukatun ne muhimmanci karin gishiri idan aka kwatanta da hankali da yaduwar rinjayar ideas. Hakika, ba nan da nan ba, amma bayan wani lokaci; tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa falsafa ideas iya samun wani tasiri a kan ka'idar da a 25-30 shekaru. Kuma shi ne ideas, ba jarin bukatun, suna da ha ari a kan hanyar zuwa alheri ko wahala. "

Support da kuma zargi

"Janar Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money" ba ya dauke da cikakken shiriya a kan gudanar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Duk da haka, Keynes nuna a yi yadda za ta shafi zuba jari da kuma masu zaman kansu amfani karu a dogon lokaci amfani rates da kuma yin gyare-gyare na kasa da kasa monetary tsarin. Paul Samuelson wittily ce cewa Keynesianism "bugi yawa matasa tattalin arziki kamar yadda m sabuwar cuta hare-hare, kuma ya halaka wani zama ruwan dare kabilar tsibirin a cikin Kudu Tekuna."

Daga farkon sosai na "General Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money" ya quite rigima aiki. Babu wanda ya san daidai abin da Keynes ya tuna. Farkon bita da aka kafa sosai m. Keynesianism sun fi mayar gare ta samu nasara da ake kira "neoclassical kira" da kuma musamman, Alvin Hansen, Paul Samuelson da Yahaya Hicks. Su sun ɓullo da wani bayãnin hukuncin da ka'idar tara bukatar. Hansen da Samuelson ƙirƙira "Keynesian Cross" da kuma Hicks halitta a model NE-LM (-saving zuba jari). Tartsatsi "General Theory" bayan da girma mawuyacin. A kasuwar iya ba jimre kadai tare da kona, don haka gwamnatin sa baki ba makawa.

a yi

Mutane da yawa sababbin abubuwa da aka farko samarwa a cikin "General Theory", ne key a zamani macroeconomics. Duk da haka, babban ra'ayin shi ne cewa a cikin hanyar recessions ne kasa tara bukatar, ba su tsira. A jami'a Darussan Ana yanzu yafi sanar da ake kira New Keynesian tattalin arziki. Yana daukan manufar neo-gargajiya dogon lokacin da ma'auni. Neo-Keynesians ba su yi la'akari "General Theory" da amfani ga kara nazari. Duk da haka, da yawa har yanzu tattalin arziki la'akari da shi da ma'ana. A shekarar 2011, cikin littafin fadi a cikin jerin mafi kyau zamani-rubuce.

Amfani a cikin binciken na tattalin arzikin

A farko ƙoƙari daidaita da da "janar ka'idar" ya zama wani littafi ga dalibai na Robinson, saki a 1937. Duk da haka, mafi nasara ya juya ga shiryar da Hansen. More zamani littafi da aka saki a 2006, Hayes. Sa'an nan ya zo da wani Sauki version of wanda aka rubuta ta hanyar Sheehan. Paul Krugman ya marubucin da gabatarwar sabon edition na "The Janar Theory" na Keynes, da aka buga a shekara ta 2007. A hankali, duk da haka, asalin tushen hasarar da ma'anar. Kullum yarda tsakanin tattalin arziki a yau ne hakan da cewa tsara tattalin arziki ta hanyar tara bukatar iya zama a cikin gajeren lokaci da kuma a kan wani tsawon lokaci, da sikeli za a iya gyara kansa da taimakon kasuwar sunadaran.