Jikin mutum. Tiyata da Physiology na sashen hangen nesa

Our jiki interacts da yanayi ta hanyar da hankula, ko analyzers. Tare da su taimako, mutane ba su ne kawai iya "ji" da waje duniya, a kan tushen da wadannan abubuwan, ya na da wani nau'i na musamman gani - kai-sani, kerawa, da ikon riga suka faru, da dai sauransu ...

Mene ne wani parser?

A cewar I. P. Pavlovu, kowane analyzer (har ma da sashen wahayi) - ba cewa wasu, kamar yadda wani hadadden "inji". Shi ne iya ba kawai gane da na yanayi yanayi sakonni da kuma maida su a cikin wani bugun jini da makamashi, amma nuna mafi girma bincike da kuma kira.

Idon Hangen Nesa, kazalika da wani analyzer kunshi 3 na game sassa:

- gefe bangare wanda yake da alhakin da ji na waje mai kara kuzari da makamashi da kuma ta aiki cikin jijiyar.

- da tafarkin da ta wanda a jijiya turu ke kai tsaye zuwa cikin jijiya cibiyar.

- cortical ƙarshen analyzer (ko touch cibiyar), located kai tsaye a cikin kwakwalwa.

All jijiyar daga analyzer ke tsaye a cikin tsakiya m tsarin, inda dukkan bayanai da aka sarrafa. A sakamakon duk wadannan ayyuka, kuma akwai a ji - ikon ji, gani, tabawa, da sauransu ..

Kamar yadda azanci shine Gabar hangen nesa yana da muhimmanci musamman, saboda ba tare da mai haske da hotuna, rayuwa ta zama m da kuma uninteresting. Yana bayar da 90% na muhalli bayanai.

Eye - da sashen gani, wanda har yanzu ba a cikakken gane, amma har yanzu da ra'ayin shi a haltta a can. Kuma wannan shi ne abin da zai je a cikin shi, a wannan labarin.

Tiyata da Physiology na sashen hangen nesa

Bari mu dubi kome domin.

Organ na gani ne eyeball da na gani jijiya da kuma wasu na biyu a jikinsu. A eyeball yana da wani mai siffar zobe siffar, yawanci manyan a size (da darajar a cikin balagaggu ~ 7.5 cubic santimita). Yana yana da biyu sandunan: da gaba da raya. Ya ƙunshi wani core wanda aka kafa ta uku bawo: fibrous shafi da haske a jikin vasculature (ko intima). Wannan ne haltta na sashen hangen nesa. Yanzu ga kowane bangare a cikin daki-daki.

Fibrous shafi na ido

A matsanancin harsashi na tsakiya kunshi da sclera, raya katin, m connective membranes da cornea, wani m convex rabo idanu bã tãre da jini. A cornea kamar 1 mm a kauri da kuma game da 12 mm a diamita.

Kasa shi ne mai zane wanda ya nuna wani bangaranci view na jiki. Akwai ƙarin za ka iya ganin inda akwai daya ko wani ɓangare na eyeball.

choroid

Na biyu sunan da harsashi na tsakiya - da choroid. An located kai tsaye daga ƙarƙashinsu da sclera, shi ne cike da jini da kuma kunshi 3 sassa: mafi yawan choroid da Iris da ciliary jiki na ido.

A choroid ne m cibiyar sadarwa na jijiya da kuma veins, lauye. Tsakanin su ne sako-sako da fibrous connective nama cewa shi ne mai arziki a cikin manyan pigment Kwayoyin.

Front choroid smoothly cikin ciliary jiki a thickened annular siffar. Manufar da aka nufa - masauki na ido. Yana goyon bayan da ciliary jiki, da ruwan tabarau na kama da stretches. Yana kunshi sassa biyu: na ciki (ciliary kambi) da kuma m (ciliary da'irar).

Daga cikin pars plana da ruwan tabarau 70 mika ciliary matakai game da tsawon 2 mm. K-zangarniya a haɗe Zinn fiber daure (ciliary abin ɗamara) zuwa ga ido ruwan tabarau.

Ciliary band ne kusan duk na ciliary tsoka. Lokacin da shi kwangila, da ruwan tabarau ne mike da taso keya kashe, bayan wanda ta kumbura (kuma da shi Refractive iko) ta ƙara, kuma akwai masauki.

Saboda gaskiya cewa sel da ciliary tsoka atrophy a cikin tsufa kuma a wuri na kansu akwai connective nama Kwayoyin, masauki worsens kuma tasowa farsightedness. A wannan yanayin, jiki na sharri copes tare da ayyuka, a lokacin da wani mutum yayi kokarin la'akari da wani abu a nan kusa.

Iris

A Iris ne a zagaye faifai siffar da wani rami a tsakiyar - da almajiri. An located tsakanin ruwan tabarau da kuma cornea.

A cikin jijiyoyin bugun gini Layer na Iris ne biyu tsokoki. A farko siffofin suzhivatel (sphincter) na almajiri. na biyu, a kan m, da almajiri yana faɗaɗa.

Wannan ne adadin melanin a Iris dogara da launi na idanunsa. Photo zabin suna a haɗe a kasa.

A kasa pigment a cikin Iris - da m launi da idanu. Authority na dauke da fitar da ayyuka guda ko da kuwa da launi na Iris.

Gray-kore ido kuma yana nufin kawai karamin adadin melanin.

The duhu launi da idanu, da photo ne a sama, ya nuna cewa, matakin da melanin a Iris high.

Ciki (photosensitive) harsashi

The akan tantanin ido ne gaba daya shigeba, ga choroid. An kafa ta guda biyu: da wani m (pigment) da kuma ciki (photosensitive).

A photosensitive desyatisloynoy harsashi ware trehneyronnye wakilta photoreceptor m Layer radially daidaitacce sarkar associative ganglion tsakiya da kuma can ciki yadudduka.

Waje a haɗe zuwa choroid Layer na pigment epithelial Kwayoyin, wanda suke a hankali a lamba tare da Layer na sandunansu, kuma suka Cones. Wadanda kuma sauran - ba kawai da na gefe matakai (ko axon) na photoreceptor sel (neuron I).

A sandunansu an hada da ciki da kuma m segments. A karshen an kafa ta hanyar biyu membrane fayafai, waxanda suke da wani jini membrane folds. A Cones suna bambanta da yawa (su ne ya fi girma) da kuma yanayi na tafiyarwa.

A cikin ido duka, akwai iri uku Cones, kuma daya kawai irin sandunansu. Yawan sandunansu iya isa miliyan 70, ko ma fiye, yayin da mazugi - kawai 5-7 miliyan.

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, akwai iri uku Cones. Kowace daga cikinsu daukan wani launi daban-daban: blue, ja, ko kuma rawaya.

Sandunansu ma bukatar gane bayani game da abu siffar da kuma kwarjinin da dakin.

Daga kowane daga cikin photoreceptor Kwayoyin tafi bakin ciki appendix wanda Forms synapse (inda biyu neurons an tuntube) tare da wani appendage bipolar neurons (neuron II). Recent aika da zumudi riga ya fi girma ganglion sel (neuron III). Axons (matakai) da Kwayoyin samar da na gani jijiya.

ruwan tabarau

Wannan m crystal biconvex ruwan tabarau 7-10 mm a diamita. Yana yana da wani jijiyoyi ko jini. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da ciliary tsoka ruwan tabarau zai iya canja da siffar. Yana da wadannan canje-canje a cikin siffar da ruwan tabarau da kuma ake kira da masauki na ido. Lokacin shigar a kan wani m hangen nesa da ruwan tabarau aka mĩƙe, da kuma a kusa da hangen nesa - ƙaruwa.

Tare da vitreous ruwan tabarau suranta wani haske-refracting matsakaici ido.

vitreous jiki

Suka ciccika duk samuwa sarari tsakanin akan tantanin ido da ruwan tabarau. Yana yana da wani jelly-kamar crystalline tsari.

A tsarin da jiki na kamara shi ne kama da manufa na na'urar. The almajiri taka rawar da diaphragm, takaita ko fadada dangane da lighting. Kamar yadda ruwan tabarau - vitreous da ruwan tabarau. Hasken da fada a kan haske a jikin, amma hoton da aka flipped fita.

Saboda photorefractive kafofin watsa labarai (haka ruwan tabarau da kuma vitreous jiki) katako na haske da dama a kan rawaya tabo a kan ido duka, wanda shi ne mafi kyau hangen nesa yankin. Cones kuma sanduna da haske tãguwar ruwa isa kawai bayan wuce dukan retinal kauri.

locomotion

Locomotion ido zai sa a yi striated 4 rectus tsokoki (m, babba, a kaikaice da kuma tsakiya) da kuma biyu QFontDatabase (ƙananan kuma babba). Rectus tsokoki ne alhakin nuna na eyeball a dace shugabanci, kuma QFontDatabase - for juya a kusa da sagittal axis. Movement of biyu eyeballs synchronous kawai saboda tsokoki.

eyelids

Skin Musulunci manufa - to iyakance palpebral fissure da kuma rufe shi a lokacin ƙulli, kare gaban da eyeball. A kowace shekara ne game da 75 lashes, wanda manufarsa - kare eyeball daga lamba tare da waje abubuwa.

Game da sau daya a kowace daƙiƙu 5-10 wani mutum blinks.

lacrimal na'ura

Ya kunshi da lacrimal gland shine yake da lacrimal tsarin. Hawaye neutralize kwayoyin da kuma iya moisten conjunctiva. Tearless ido conjunctiva da cornea zai yi kawai bushe, da kuma mutumin da zai tafi a makafi.

A lacrimal gland samar da kullum game da ɗaya da ɗari milliliters na hawaye. Ban sha'awa al'amari: mata kuka mafi sau da yawa fiye da maza, saboda a saki hawaye ruwa inganta hormone prolactin (wanda 'yan mata da yawa fiye).

M hawaye kunshi ruwa dauke da game da 0.5% albumin, 1.5% sodium chloride, kadan gamsai kuma lysozyme, wanda yana da bactericidal mataki. Yana yana da dan kadan alkaline dauki.

A tsarin da mutum ido: makirci

Bari mu dauki wani kusa look at da tankwara na sashen hangen nesa ta hanyar zane-zane.

A adadi ya nuna schematically saman sashi na jiki a cikin wani kwance bangaranci view. a nan:

1 - agara tsakiya rectus tsoka.

2 - mayar da kyamara;

3 - cornea.

4 - da almajiri.

5 - da ruwan tabarau.

6 - gaban kyamara;

7 - Iris.

8 - conjunctiva.

9 - agara kai tsaye a kaikaice tsokoki.

10 - vitreous.

11 - da sclera.

12 - choroid.

13 - da akan tantanin ido.

14 - rawaya tabo.

15 - da na gani jijiya.

16 - jini na akan tantanin ido.

Wannan adadi ya nuna wani Schematic tsarin da ido duka. A kibiya nuna shugabanci na haske masaƙa. Figures alama:

1 - sclera.

2 - choroid.

3 - pigmented sel da akan tantanin ido.

4 - sandunansu.

5 - Cones.

6 - kwance Kwayoyin.

7 - bipolar Kwayoyin.

8 - amacrine Kwayoyin.

9 - ganglion Kwayoyin.

10 - fiber na gani jijiya.

A adadi ya nuna wani zane na wani Tantancewar axis na ido:

1 - abu.

2 - cornea.

3 - da almajiri.

4 - Iris.

5 - da ruwan tabarau.

6 - tsakiyar aya;

7 - Image.

Menene jiki?

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, mutum wahayi aika kusan 90% na bayanai game da duniya kewaye da mu. Ba tare da shi, cikin duniya zai zama guda irin da uninteresting.

Organ hangen nesa ne quite hadaddun kuma ba cikakken gane da parser. Ko a yau, masana kimiyya wani lokacin da tambayoyi game da tsarin da kuma manufar wannan jiki.

Babban ayyuka na sashen wahayi - haske ji, siffofin duniya, abubuwa na matsayi a sarari, da sauransu ..

Light iya haifar da hadaddun canje-canje a cikin akan tantanin ido, kuma ta haka ne, wani isasshen kara kuzari da gabobin da hangen nesa. An yi imani da cewa na farko ya gane hangula rhodopsin.

Mai ingantaccen gani ji an bayar da cewa image na abu zai fada a kan yankin na akan tantanin ido, zai fi dacewa a tsakiyar rami. A nisa daga cibiyar da tsinkaya image daga cikin abu, don haka shi ne kasa bayyananne. Irin wannan ne Physiology na sashen hangen nesa.

ido cututtuka

Bari mu dubi wasu daga cikin na kowa ido cututtuka.

1. Hyperopia. Na biyu sunan da cutar - hyperopia. A mutum da wannan cuta da wahala ganin abubuwa da suke kusa. Yawancin lokaci wuya a karanta, aiki tare da kananan abubuwa. Yawancin lokaci tasowa a mutane, amma kuma iya bayyana a matasa. Gaba daya warkar da hyperopia iya kawai amfani da opretsionnogo baki.
2. Myopia (wanda kuma ake kira myopia). A cutar halin rashin iyawa ga da kyau abubuwa da suke da nisa da isasshen tafi.
3. Glaucoma - ƙara intraocular matsa lamba. Yana auku saboda ruwa wurare dabam dabam cuta a cikin ido. Yana da aka bi da magani, amma tiyata iya da ake bukata a wasu lokuta.
4. Cataract - ba cewa wasu, a matsayin take hakkin da nuna gaskiya da ido ruwan tabarau. Taimaka rabu da cutar iya kawai ophthalmologist. Yana bukatar tiyata, a cikin abin da mutum ya gani za a iya mayar da.
5. Kumburi cututtuka. Wadannan sun hada da conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, da sauransu. Kowane daga cikinsu, a kansa hanya ne m, kuma yana da daban-daban jiyya: wasu za a iya warke tare da magunguna, da kuma wasu kawai a lokacin da taimako ayyukan.

cuta Rigakafin

Abu na farko da ya yi tunãni, shi ne cewa idanunku ma bukatar ka huta, da kuma wuce kima motsa jiki don wani abu mai kyau ba zai haifar.

Yi amfani kawai high quality-lighting da fitilar ikon 60 zuwa 100 watts.

Gudanar mafi bada ga idanu, da kuma a kalla wuce jarrabawa da wani ophthalmologist sau daya a shekara.

Ka tuna cewa ido cutar da jikin - shi ne mai tsanani barazana ga ingancin rayuwarka.