Ka'idar - shi ... ma'anar kalmar "ka'idar"

All kimiyyar zamani ci gaba daga zaton cewa da farko da jũna yanci da kuma mutumin. Amma a kan lokaci, tara substantiated shaidar wadannan zaton sun zama harkar gane gaskiya. Kuma wani ka'idar wanda dogara ne a kan duk ilimin kimiyya na bil'adama. Amma abin da yake da ma'anar kalmar "ka'idar"? Amsar wannan tambaya za ka koya daga wannan labarin.

A definition

Akwai da yawa ma'anar da kalmar. Amma mafi kyau duka ne wadanda aka yi amfani da kimiyya yanayi. Irin wannan ma'anar da kuma dauka a matsayin tushen.

Theory - shi ne mai tsarin ra'ayoyi a fagen ilimi, wanda ba cikakke view of data kasance dokokin da suka shafi gaskiya.

Akwai mafi rikitarwa definition. Ka'idar - shi ne mai sa na ra'ayoyi da cewa an rufe da sauti jerin. Yana shi ne irin wannan m definition da kalmar "ka'idar" ba dabaru. Daga mahangar wannan ka'idar za a iya kira kimiyya wani ra'ayin.

Typology na kimiyya theories

Domin mafi fahimtar da kimiyya theories kamata shawarci su rarrabuwa. Hanya da kuma falsafar kimiyya, akwai uku na asali iri kimiyya theories. Bari mu bincika su dabam.

empirical ka'idar

Nau'i na farko gargajiyance dauke empirical ka'idar. Misalai ne physiological ka'idar Pavlov, Darwin ta ka'idar juyin halitta, ka'idar juyin halitta, m da rabe-ka'idar. Suna dogara ne a kan mai girma taro na gwaji facts da kuma bayyana wani rukuni na mamaki.

Bisa ga wadannan mamaki tsara generalizations, kuma a sakamakon - da dokokin da suke da akai a kan wanda ya gina wani ka'idar. Wannan kuma gaskiya ne, domin sauran iri theories. Amma ka'idar empirical irin aka tsara a sakamakon da siffatawa da Generic hali, ba tare da kaucewa duk da dokokin dabaru.

ilmin lissafi theories

Ilmin Lissafi kimiyya theories dokoki na biyu da irin theories a cikin wannan rarrabuwa. Su halayyar alama ne da yin amfani da ilmin lissafi kayan aikin da ilmin lissafi model. A cikin wadannan theories, musamman ilmin lissafi model, wanda yake shi ne irin manufa abu da zai maye gurbin mai real abu. A Firayim misali na irin wannan ne dabaru ka'idar, ka'idar da barbashi kimiyyar lissafi, iko ka'idar, da kuma waɗansu da yawa. Matsayin mai mulkin, suna dogara ne a kan axiomatic Hanyar. Wannan shi ne, karbo daga cikin babban arziki da ka'idar 'yan ainihin axioms. Da muhimman hakkokin axioms dole ne sadu da sharudda na objectivity kuma ba musanta juna.

Deductive msar tambayar tsarin

The uku irin kimiyya theories - a deductive msar tambayar tsarin. Sun bayyana saboda matsalar tunanin mutuntaka fahimta da kuma tabbatar da ilimin lissafi. Da farko deductive ka'idar aka dauke su da Euclidean lissafi, wanda aka gina ta amfani da axiomatic Hanyar. Deductive theories su ne bisa halitta jagororin sa'an nan a kan ka'idar wadanda kalamai wanda za a iya samu a sakamakon inferences a kan farawa matsayi. All inferences da kuma kayan aikin da ake amfani da ka'idar, an rubuta su daidai, don samar da shaida tushe.

Kamar yadda mai mulkin, deductive ka'idar ne sosai general kuma m, don haka sau da yawa akwai wata tambaya na fassarar. A karin misalin ne da ka'idar da na halitta dokar. Yana da ka'ida wanda ba ya bayar da wani unambiguous kima, don haka ta daban-daban fassarori.

Falsafa da ka'idar kimiyya: yadda suke kwatanta?

A ilimin kimiyya da musamman, amma a lokaci guda kuma takamaiman rawa sanya wa falsafa. Yana da wani tambaya cewa masana kimiyya suna samar da nasu kuma fahimtar wannan ko da ka'idar, ta tashi zuwa matakin na ba kawai fahimtar wani musamman kimiyya matsalar, amma kuma fahimtar rayuwa da kuma ainihin ilimi. Kuma wannan, ba shakka, falsafa.

Saboda haka, tambaya ta taso. Yadda falsafa musababin gina wani ka'idar kimiyya? Amsar ne quite sauki, kamar yadda wadannan matakai suna inextricably nasaba. A falsafa ne ba a wani ka'idar kimiyya a cikin nau'i na ma'ana dokoki, methodology, wani janar hoto na duniya da kuma fahimtar, da kuma zama na gaba na masanin kimiyya na duk muhimman hakkokin kimiyya tushe. A wannan mahallin, falsafa ne biyu da tushen da matuƙar manufa na gina yawancin kimiyya theories. Ko ba tare da bincike, da kuma kungiya ka'idar (misali - ka'idar management) ba tare da falsafa akai.

Ka'idar da gwaji

A mafi muhimmanci Hanyar empirical tabbatar da ka'idar ne wani gwaji wanda dole ta hada da ji da kuma saka idanu, kazalika da sauran hanyoyin da dama na da tasiri a kan yi karatu abu ko rukuni na abubuwa.

Experiment - shi ne wani abu da tasiri a kan abu a karkashin binciken ko a kan yanayin cewa kewaye da shi, wanda ake samar da manufar kara nazarin wannan abu. Ka'idar - shi ne cewa wasu gwaje-gwajen.

A wani kimiyya gwaji shi ne dace domin ayyana dama abubuwa.

• da matuƙar manufa na gwaji.
• da abu zuwa a bincika a.
• da yanayin a cikin abin da abu ne dake;
• yana nufin za su gudanar da gwaji.
• wani abu tasiri a kan abu a karkashin binciken.

Tare da kowane mutum kashi iya yi a rarrabuwa gwaje-gwajen. A cewar wannan sanarwa, yana yiwuwa a rarrabe tsakanin zahirin, nazarin halittu, da sinadaran gwaje-gwajen, dangane da abu a kan wanda shi ne aka gudanar. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu a rarraba da gwaje-gwajen a hari da aka tsananta a ɗabi'arsu.

Dalilin da gwaji ne da ganewa da kuma fahimtar abin da wasu daga cikin hujjojin ko dokoki. Wannan irin search aka kira gwaje-gwajen. A sakamakon wannan kwarewa za a iya daukan wani tsawo na data game da abu. Amma a mafi yawan lokuta, irin wannan gwajin da aka yi ya tabbatar da jarrabawa na guda ko asali ka'idar. Wannan irin gwajin da aka kira nunawa. Kamar yadda ka sani, wani m sarari line tsakanin wadannan nau'o'i guda biyu na hali ba zai iya zama. A wannan kwarewa za a iya kawota a iri biyu gwaji ko da daya ba za ka iya nemo bayanai wanda suke halayyar da wasu. Kimiyyar zamani da kuma dogara ne a kan wadannan dokoki biyu.

Experiment - shi ke ko da yaushe irin tambayar da yanayi. Amma shi ko da yaushe ya kasance m kuma bisa pre-sani don samun wani isasshen martani. Yana da wannan ilimi da kuma samar da wani ka'idar, shi ne ya sanya tambayoyi. Da farko, akwai wata ka'idar a cikin nau'i na wani m, idealized abubuwa, sa'an nan ya zo da aiwatar da dubawa for amincin.

Saboda haka, mun yi nazari akan ma'anar kalmar "ka'idar", ta typology, m dangane da kimiyya da kuma yi. Za mu iya amince ce cewa babu wani abu mafi m fiye da mai kyau ka'idar.