Samuwar, Sakandare da kuma makarantu
Kasar Faransa bayanin. A tarihin Faransa a taƙaice. Faransa Al'adu
Great tarihi, al'adu, da gagarumin kimiyya da masana'antu m yana da wani yammacin Turai kasar, France. Description na kafofin watsa labarai, adabi, art, ta haske da, tsauri ba kokari ne jawo hankalin hankalin gamayyar kasa da kasa.
Statistics nuna cewa, kasar - mafi ziyarci da waje yawon bude ido! Daya fa, tã yi da gaske m al'adu na biyar Jamhuriyar, da sauran - mai mafaka hutu. Idan ka - a lover of tafiya, ka yiwuwa lura: tsakanin da tayi na tafiya hukumomin ko da yaushe riko da wani wuri na musamman a kasar Faransa. Photo na Eiffel Tower - daya daga cikin rare images a kan yanar yawon shakatawa aiki. Shin shi kwatsam? A shekarar 2013, Faransa da aka ziyarci by kan miliyan 85 kasashen waje jama'a. Daga cikin su - miliyan daya Rasha yawon bude ido.
Industry, kai
France da aka gane a ko'ina cikin duniya a matsayin wani mashahurin masana'antu da kuma agrarian kasar. Its GDP - $ 2.6 tiriliyan. Daga cikin halittar jihar na Tarayyar Turai lashe, kasar riba ne ta ɓangaren da, a tsakiyar Turai da kuma wucewa ta hanyar da karkararta daga cikin manyan cinikayyar Turai hanyoyi. France a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya da tabbaci riko da 6th matsayi a cikin masana'antu m.
A masana'antu, Faransa ta most rabo na aikin injiniyan inji, ferrous da nonferrous karafa, petrochemical da kuma sinadaran masana'antu, haske masana'antu, perfumery. Kashi uku na wutar lantarki masana'antu a kasar na'am daga shuka, shi complements da hydroelectric tsarin. A bisa ga al'ada man fetur da kuma iskar gas shigo daga kasar saboda rashin adibas. France fitarwa na kayayyakin gona. Its manoman - wadannan ma'aikata, sun samar da kwata na fitarwa na dukan Tarayyar Turai.
Shin girmamawa kai cibiyar sadarwa na kasar, wanda ake bauta wa da wani m high-gudun dogo. Basu horo TVG, sunã gaggãwa a gudun 320 km / h ne girman kai na Faransa. Hotuna da magana za a iya gani a kasa.
A tsawon na kasar hanyoyi ne 29 370 km a yankin na ta ɓangaren duniya 535,3 thous. Km 2. Yana bayar da isasshe damar domin ci gaba da dabaru
Daga cikin kasashen da na Yammacin duniya, Faransa na da al'ada rarrabe kasashen waje da manufofin, a shafe tattaunawa tare da Rasha, ko da yake mun lura cewa dangantakar dake tsakanin kasashen biyu sun kasance kullum wuya.
Tarihi, mafi kusa m na kasashen biyu, da alama halittar wani soja da siyasa alliance, alama ƙarshen XIX karni. Monuments na narke dangantakar fara Triniti Bridge, gina ta Eiffel aikin a St. Petersburg, kuma gada da ake kira da sunan Alexander III, ko, a Paris.
France Policy
France an rayayye da hannu a duniya yanke shawara a matsayin memba na kwamitin sulhu a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A Biyar Jamhuriyar ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar kasashen Turai da bankin duniya da kuma asusun IMF ta kafa. Tun May 2007, kasar Faransa ta mayar da su zuwa NATO (daga Arewa Atlantic kungiyar a lokacin da aka qaddamar da shugaban kasar de Gaulle). A general, manufofin da Faransa, duka biyu na ciki da kuma na waje, ko da yaushe ya bi ka'idodin zaman daidaito da kuma dimokuradiyya.
rundunar sojojin
mallaki makaman nukiliya damar Faransa don su bi sawun mai zaman kanta kasashen waje da manufofin. Soja-masana'antu hadaddun na biyar Jamhuriyar ne wadãtacce da kuma samar da cikakken kewayon na zamani kasa armaments. Duk da haka, kasar tana ba da hannu a cikin makamai tseren. Faransa sojojin ne babu shakka iko, amma iyakance da manufa na m isar. Ta aka dauke da makamai da dabarun nukiliya lãbãraiya karfi, lambobi hudu nukiliya submarines, da kuma game da mutum ɗari da jirgin sama - nukiliya submarines.
France: yawan
Jihar jin dadin duniya dalĩli a duniya, a lokaci guda yana mai yiwuwa ga ci gaban fiye da yawa kasashen Turai. Mene ne daban-daban daga gare su kasa - France? Description na bambance-bambance iya ɗaukar fiye da daya shafi.
Mu rarrabe abu daya: matsalar kusan duk ƙasashen EU ne da tsufa al'ummai. Duk da haka, da karshen ba shafi na biyar Jamhuriyar. A cewar halin yanzu data samu tare da countrymeters shafin. info, da yawan mutane a kasar a matsayin na 16:00 07.05.2014 shekara ne 64.075.783 mutane. Saboda haka, daga farkon shekara da aka haife ni a cikin ƙasar na 394.563 baby, kuma ya mutu domin daban-daban dalilai 281 236 mutane.
Har ila yau, yawan girma a cikin karatu kasa na taimaka wa irin wannan dalilai kamar net hijirarsa. Ta adadi na wannan shekara a 16:00 kan 07.05.2014 shekara - 46 874 mutane.
Saboda haka, da karuwa a yawan tun farkon 2014 a kan cewa ranar amounted zuwa 160 208 mutane.
Territory, sauyin yanayi
Ina gida Faransa mutane? Mene ne labarin kasa na wannan kasa? Faransa kansu kira su gida star. Me ya sa? Take a look at taswirar da za ka ga abin da shaci na kasar Faransa. Description of iyakokinta, ha 22 nahiyar Metropolitan (ba mu yi la'akari da shi shi ne 5 waje Departments), ya ce a kan taswira Faransa da gaske ne dimbin yawa kamar biyar-nuna star. Kasar star ... Romantic! Yana daukan kusan 20% na yankunan na Tarayyar Turai.
Its Maritime kan iyakoki da tsawon na 5500 km. Faransa ta gaba an wanke ta da Bahar Rum wajen kudu, daga yamma - da Atlantic, zuwa arewa - da Turanci Channel.
Don babban har, da biyu daga kashi uku ɗin da karkararta, France - kasar ne lebur. Duk da haka, da ƙasa da shi - neodnoobrazny. A kudu maso gabas hasumiya mai tsanani Alps da Jura duwãtsu. A cikin cibiyar karya da Vosges, a arewa - da Ardennes, a kudu maso yammacin - da Pyrenees. Its koguna ne mafi tsawo - Loire, mafi zurfi - Ron draining Paris tasa Seine sunã gudãna mahaifarsa na d'Artagnan Garonne. A tsarin na hudu kõguna sunã gudãna daga cikin tekun Atlantic da kuma hada tashoshi, noman kasar Faransa. Description daga cikin siffofin da sauyin yanayi ne na sha'awa. A kudu na Faransa, shi ne subtropical, a yamma - da Atlantic, daga kudu - Rum, a cikin tsakiyar ɓangare - nahiyar. Fiye da kwata na kasa da aka rufe da gandun daji.
al'adu da tarihin
Daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa ta biyar Jamhuriyar haka janyo hankalin masu yawon shakatawa ne da gine-gine. Its baƙi ake kira mutum da aka yi abin mamaki. A Faransa ƙasa har yanzu kiyaye Romanesque gine-gine: misali, wani amphitheater a Nimes, Romanesque coci, da Basilica sadaukar da shahidi na Toulouse, mai tsarki Saturninus. Duk da haka, har ma fiye da sanannen Faransa Gothic haikalin ginin a XII-XV ƙarni.
Yawon bude ido suna janyo hankalin da richly ado facades daskarewa su dutse Figures, high, nuna hasumiya, ya nuna arches, akwai gilashi art. Daga cikin rare Gothic gine-gine na Reims babban coci, wanda ya faru cikin sa kambi na Faransa sarakuna, Notre Dame de Paris, inda Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon I. aka lashe
XVI karni da gudummawar da asali na gine na Renaissance. Al'adu tarihi na Faransa a lokacin, halin da erection na gidãje, chateaux, ko kamar yadda suka kiran kansu Faransa. Daga cikin shahararrun - castle na Amboise, gina daular na Valois, wanda ƙasa da aka binne baiwa Leonardo Vinci, d'Idan castle, wanda aiki a matsayin wurin haihuwa da labari na fursuna - Iron Mask, labarin da muka sanar da Aleksandr Dyuma, Chambord castle - marmari mazaunin sarakuna.
XVII karni kawo a cikin gine-gine na da mai ladabi Baroque style, nuna a cikin m fadar hadaddun. Misalan wadannan na iya zama da Versailles - babban sarauta zama. France karni na 19th al'ada aka alama ta wani salon - classicism, ba kawai a cikin gine amma kuma a cikin zane-zane. The gine na wannan lokaci karshe aka gane gine-gine da ayyukan shiryawa da birane. A tsakiyar karni na 19th Faransa zanen ya zama shugaba a duniya godiya ga artists kamar Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas. Abin baƙin ciki, ya tashi Faransa zanen katse Nazi zama.
A tarihin gwamnatin: da Merovingian daular
Na wasu ban sha'awa da aka gwamnatin ginin zamantakewa na bayyana. A da karkararta tun zamanin da akwai wata wayewa: a zamanin Roma, shi ne wani ɓangare na wannan sararin Empire kamar yadda lardin Gaul.
Jamus kabilar Franks, karkashin jagorancin Sarki Clovis, ya kafa na Merovingian daular, nasara da shi a cikin V karni BC. e., tserewa daga Roman mamayar. A m tarihi na France iya taƙaice a gabatar kan ƙarni a matsayin canji na mulki mulkin gargajiya dauloli.
Merovingian ikon rauni, kuma tsohon vassals, magajin gari na fādar sarki, ya ji dãɗi da girma da tasiri. Daya daga cikinsu, Pepin da Short (mahaifin Karla Velikogo), a cikin VII karni, ya dauki kursiyin samun karfin francs furta, kafa da Carolingian daular.
Carolingian daular
Famous dan Pepin nasara a ha yawa na Turai ƙasar (ciki har da yankin ƙasar Faransa) a cikin guda daular.
Duk da haka, yin amfani da ikon da wata babbar jiha, da ha m baiwa Karla Velikogo, karshe aka rasa, bayan mutuwar dansa, Ludwik Na mãsu taƙawa. Empire raba tsakanin uku Karolingov zuriyarsa.
A West-Frankish mulki, located in Faransa, ya fara sarauta ƙaramin ɗan Ludwik I - Charles cikin m. A X karni France (ta haka ya kira) ya mai mulkin gargajiya slaboupravlyaemuyu rafke kasar. Wannan kuma ya yi amfani da Vikings, jagorancin konung rollo, bayan ta lashe ta arewacin lardin da kuma kiran ta Normandy (Normans ƙasa). Dalilin da Norwegian Viking dan damfara ya lashe wa kansa wani mulki, da cewa ya, a gaskiya, ya aikata.
daular Capet
The 987 shekara maimakon na karshe daga cikin Carolingian, da bai bar 'ya'ya Louis da V, a umurnin da sarauta vassals a kan karaga, ya zauna a kan Count Gugo Kapet, ya kafa na Capetian daular, da uku mataki a cikin tarihin kasar. A wannan zamanin na kasashen waje da manufofin na Faransa da aka rage wa Jihadi da ciki - zuwa yaƙe-yaƙe na addini a kasar. A wannan matsananci sau, a lokacin da mulki ta hanyar iyalansu, da tarihi na France an taƙaita a matsayin canji na jam'iyyar dauloli da su a kaikaice rassan. Ta haka ne yake maye gurbin Capet a 1328 zo daular na Valois, ya mallaki cewa ya zo da shekara ɗari War, Joan na Arc feat Brittany shan kashi, sake hada kan kasar, da yaki tsakanin Furotesta (Huguenots) da kuma Katolika. Bayan kisan gillar da na karshe na Valois, Henry III na, m Jacques Clement, recruited da Katolika League, Faransa ya fara sarauta da sauran gefen reshe Capetian - Bourbon daular.
The French Revolution
A tarihin sarakunan Faransa dakatar for Louis XVI, m gwamnan, mired a cikin idodi da kuma kawar da su daga jihar al'amura. Lokacin da aka samu a ƙi a bunkasa masana'antu na Faransa, gabaceku yunwa, adawa tsakanin waɗanda suke a cikin ikon da kuma mutane. Views a kan rubabben daular mulkinsu m ɓangare na Faransa Society (ya hada bourgeoisie limaman da tsada) sosai a fili bayyana Falsafa Montesquieu. Ya kira da sarauta da iko birki ga ci gaban al'umma da kuma usurpation na sami yancin na daban-daban strata na yawan jama'a. Wannan abotar ya girma a Faransa juyin juya halin, alama kafa na farko Jamhuriyar.
A karo na farko a cikin tarihin duniya maimakon durkusa mutane zaba 'yanci, daidaito, fraternity. Mutane sun gaji da zama mobile, da suka so su zama 'yan kasa. Wannan ya faru a Faransa!
Farko na juyin juya halin aiki a matsayin storming na Bastille 17.07.1789, Louis, King of Faransa, da aka kashe, da ake zargi a kotu a wata ƙasa Louis Capet ga usurpation da iko, kuma cin amanar kasa. A karshen juyin juya halin aiki a matsayin reactionary juyin mulki 09/11/1799, babban darektan da ke jihar a matsayin babban sashen neman sauyi ikon da aka inert kuma m. Bugu da kari, an raba shi, mafi tasiri memba na Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, a zahiri ya kai ga ikon Napoleon Bonaparte. Faransa sojojin auna kuma suna aukaka da matakai da m Harshen Kosikan ga kyauta unrivaled dabara.
A ci gaba da jerin canje-canje a Faransa jihar tsari - shi ne jerin jamhuriyoyin da dauloli.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon na usurped ikon, shelar kansa Sarkin sarakuna na shekara 18/05/1804. Mutanensa suka yi wani abin dogara da goyon baya, ya tashe su daga kasa da sojoji a kan qa'idar na soja basira da kuma gina a cikin shugabanni - Bessières, Jourdan, Lannes, Lefebvre, Massena, Murat, Ney, Soult, Suchet. Duk da haka, a kan wani par tare da su da kuma shugabanni sun aristocrats: Pears, Davoust, MacDonald, Marmont, Serryure. A jerin babban nasarar Napoleon a Prussian, Polish, Austria, Masar yakin neman alama karshen Rasha. "Dubina mutane ta yaki", kamar yadda ya rubuta game da Patriotic War of 1812. L. N. Tolstoy, tare da an iya karawa juggernaut fatattake kafin sojojin Faransa, ya yi nasara da dukan Turai. Adawa Kutuzov Napoleon aka warware cikin ni'imar Mihaila Illarionovicha. Shi ne mai tsananin haske dabara na adawa da m strategist. Bayan rushewar Napoleon ta daular da kuma yakin Waterloo a 1814, da daular mulkinsu aka mayar a Faransa.
biyu Jamhuriyar
06/04/1814, Faransa majalisar dattijai, wanda shi ne a karkashin matsin lamba daga kasashen nasara, ya yanke shawarar mayar da Bourbon daular a cikin mutum na Louis XVIII. Bayan mutuwarsa a 1824, ikon ya wuce zuwa Charles X. A damunsu na Faransa ya jaddada-royalist ma'aikata Polignac kuma leveling su yanci, samar da juyin juya hali, a sanya hannu na King 25.07.1830, da hudu littafai sa a cikin Yuli juyin juya halin da kuma mi} a mulki daga Bourbon daular ta zuwa ga Orleans reshe wakilta Louis-Filippom Orleanskim. Ya na farko m juyin juya halin a Turai, kasar babi da ake kira "bourgeois sarki". A zamanin mulkin Louis Philippe bayyana dogon-jiran narke ga bourgeoisie, shi lissafta ga m enrichment wannan Layer na al'umma da kuma juyin juya halin masana'antu. Duk da haka, da gwamnatinsa ta cike da ya haifar da cin hanci da rashawa. Sarki ƙi shi, sun jerin hare-haren. A gaskiya ma, gwamnatin ƙara da halin da ake ciki a kasar, wanda ya sa wani juyin juya halin na 1848 - da Fabrairu.
A cikin garkuwa mulkin demokra dabi'u da aka tashe shi. A kasar ta zama shugaban kasa dama (shugaban farko na France). Sun zabi da dan wa na Napoleon - Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.
Duk da haka, shugaban kasar manufofin da aka rufe. A kalmomi, da ya yi alkawari da jama'a na 'yanci da sabis don su, a gaskiya - to amincewa matsawa zuwa fadar sabuntawa. 02.12.1851, a kan ranar tunawa da yakin Austerlitz, ya yana goyan bayan da dakarun wargaza rundunar ta dokoki Majalisar, shelar kansa Sarkin sarakuna Napoleon III. Duk da haka, da talented makici ya "m dattaku", a cewar Otto Bismarck, captivated da shi a sedan a 1870, a lokacin da Franco-Prussian War.
uku Jamhuriyar
France fito daga yaki ta shiga wata yarjejeniya da Prussia da kuma canja wuri na karshe da ta biyu gabashin lardunan Rhine kwarin: da kariya gandun daji na Alsace da Lorraine yana kokarin muhimmanci "ƙofar da take tsakanin Jamus da Faransa."
A kwanan nan tarihi na Faransa, kuma shi ne lokaci lokaci daga yakin duniya na farko da ba rana, a wani wuri mataki na ta hade da irin wannan gwamnati, kamar yadda ta Uku Jamhuriyar. Yana dade har 1940, muhimmanci karfafa Faransa Republican tsarin da kuma wani multiparty tsarin.
Na uku Jamhuriyar aka haife shi a wani mummunan adawa. Semi-ware, socialists da anarchists 26/03/1871, bayan da tawaye a Paris, mutanen m tare da daular mulkinsu Napoleon III, da kuma kafa wani gwamnatin} asa, kuma a gaskiya - na farko a cikin tarihin na da tsari na mulkin kama karya na proletariat, da Paris ƙungiya.
Alamar ƙasar kasar Faransa ta fito daidai a kan ƙauyukan Paris Commune. Wannan tricolor tare da ratsan tsaye: blue, farin, ja. A gabansa, alamar kasar ita ce tutar farin da lilies masu sarauta. Kusa kusa da shinge - launin launi mai launin fata, kawai wannan shine alkyabbar St. Martin, mai kula da Faransa. Launi mai launi alama ce ta asalin allahntaka, ja shi ne halayyar oriflamms a girmama St. Dionysius, ya girmama a kasar.
Rahotanni da aka yi wa 'yan adawa sun shafe su da karfi. Prussia ta gaggauta sakin fursunonin yaki. Yawancin su, McMahon ya karbi ragamar sojoji 130,000.
Duk da haka, wannan lokacin masarautar ba su da iko. A karkashin jagorancin shugabancin Adolf Thierry, shugaban majalisar dokoki - Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa - ya yi aiki sosai. {Asar Faransa ta mayar da kayayyakinta, bayan nasarar {asar ta Prussian. Duk da haka, masu mulkin mallaka sun keta aikin, suka maye gurbin gwamnatin Thierry tare da hadin gwiwar bangarorin da suka ƙaddara shugabancin Patrice MacMahon. Bugu da kari an sake gudanar da wannan tsarin a kan mulkin mallaka, an kaddamar da Tsarin Mulki. Amma tsare-tsaren masarautar sarari ba gaskiya ba ne. A shekara ta 1875, majalisar dattijai ta amince da zaɓin tsarin gwamnati ga kasar da kashi 1 cikin dari, har yanzu an zabe shi a kasar.
Shugaban farko na Faransa na tarihin zamani (daga 1913 zuwa 1920) Raymond Poincaré. A cikin mulkinsa, matsayi na Rasha da Faransa a matsayin abokan tarayya sun dace daidai da yiwuwar a fagen duniya. Duk da haka, gwamnatocin Bourgeois na Faransa, suna kokarin bunkasa tattalin arzikin domin su wadata kansu, ba za su iya samar da kasa sosai ba, wanda zai iya yiwuwa, ya zama daidai ga Jamus Hitler, don yaƙin da masu nasara. A 1940, saboda da sallama na Faransa a yakin duniya na II Uku Jamhuriyar rushe.
Jam'i na hudu
A shekara ta 1946, Majalisa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Turai ta hudu, wanda ya ƙaddamar da ci gaban kasar. Babban majalisa, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, ta ƙunshi babban ɗakin majalisar - majalisar dokoki ta kasa, da kuma mafi girma - majalisar majalisar. Yau wata majalisa ta majalisar dokoki tare da karfi mai iko. Babban fifiko na ci gaba shi ne sake sake fasalin yakin kasar. Domin ta tasiri aiwatar da nationalization shi halitta mai iko jihar kansu, da suka hada da jiragen sama, mota, gas da kuma ci masana'antu. Ƙididdigar bankunan Faransanci guda biyar sun zama jama'a. Tattaunawa na tattalin arziki an tsara shi ne daga sakataren Janar na musamman, wanda Jean Monet ya jagoranci. A sakamakon haka, babban birnin kasar ya fara zuba jarurruka a cikin tattalin arzikin Faransa, fitar da shi daga ƙasa ya rage. A karo na farko, a Jamhuriyar Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Turai ne tsarin siyasar Faransa ya zama jagora mafi muhimmanci ga ci gaban al'umma. Ga ma'aikata, ma'aikata, gidajen gidaje da yawa sun fara ginawa ba tare da dadewa ba, ya zama ilimi mai mahimmanci, ilimin likita.
Harkokin dimokra] iyya na Jam'iyyar Fifth
Lokacin wanzuwar Jamhuriyar ta biyar, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1958 tare da Kundin Tsarin Mullan Gaulle kuma ya kasance har yanzu, ake kira Jam'iyyar Jamhuriyar ta biyar. Wannan shi ne lokaci na balaga na tsarin siyasar kasar, wanda Faransa ke da kansa ya zo kansa ta hanyar tarihi. Majalisar ta iyakance ne a cikin hakkoki.
Tsarin mulkin demokra] iyya na Jamhuriyar Fifth
Hakanan da tsohon Firayim Minista Villepin ya ba ta: Shugaban kasa yana jagoranci jagoranci, gwamnonin gwamnati, kuma majalisar ta shafi dokokin. Babban manufofinsa babbar iko ce ta shugaban kasa, wanda ke kula da manufofi na manufofin kasashen waje da ƙaddamar da aikin soja-masana'antu.
Gwamnati tana da alhakin manufofin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Domin yadda ya dace da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya bi majalisar dokoki.
A lokaci guda kuma, yawancin shugabancin shugaban kasa yana ƙaddara ta kasancewar rinjaye mafi rinjaye a majalisar. Ya sanya alamu da dokoki kuma yana da ikon ya yi kira ga al'ummar ta hanyar nuna kuri'ar raba gardama.
Gwamnatin Faransa tana da manufar majalisar, da fifiko a rubuce-rubuce. Majalisa (wanda ya kunshi gidan babba - Majalisar Dattijan, da kuma kasa - Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa) na nazarin dokokin da gwamnati ke bayarwa. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya haramta Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa yin gyare-gyaren da zai haifar da karuwar kudade na kudade.
Duk da haka, majalisar dokoki na da hakkin ya bayyana ta rinjaye yawan kuri'un da ba amincewa da gwamnati ba kuma a kawar da ita.
Kammalawa
Faransanci na karni na 21 a matsayin ƙarfin duniya yana da tabbacin nuna kyakkyawan tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. A lokaci guda, yana da mahimmanci don adana dabi'u na ƙasa.
{Asar Faransa ta zama babban mulkin demokra] iyya da cibiyar al'adu na duniya. Mutanen su na nan gaba sun ga kasar a sabuwar Turai, da kuma manufofin su - a cikin samuwa da kuma aiki da tsarin Turai.
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