Kunsa: iri ta kunsa. Species bambancin da halitta kunsa

Yanayin kasa - da na kowa halitta gidaje, wadda aka kafa ta a sa na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da kuma su wuraren. A nazarin wadannan kungiyoyin tafiyar da kimiyya da lafiyar qasa.

Kalmar "yanayin kasa" ya bayyana a cikin 1935, da yin amfani da wa samarwa English ecologist A. Arthur Tansley. Natural, ko mutum ya halitta hadaddun a wadda biyu da rãyuwãta, da kai tsaye ba aka gyara an located in dangantaka ta kusa da metabolism da kuma rarraba da kwararar kuzarin karfi - duk kunshe a cikin lokaci "yanayin kasa". yanayin kasa iri daban-daban a lokaci guda ne daban-daban. Wadannan asali aikin naúrar na biosphere sub-kasu kashi daban kungiyoyin da kuma nazarin muhalli kimiyya.

Rarrabuwa ta asalin

A wannan duniya tamu akwai daban-daban al'amarin. Yanayin kasa iri daban-daban suna classified a wasu hanya. Duk da haka, ga kunnen doki tare da dukan bambancin da biosphere raka'a zai yiwu ba. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa akwai da dama sukayi fassara da muhalli tsarin. Alal misali, bambance su da asali. Su ne:

1. Halitta (na halitta) al'amarin. Wadannan sun hada da masu gidaje a cikinsa da wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa ne da za'ayi ba tare da wani mutum sa baki.
2. Man-sanya (anthropogenic) yanayin kasa. Su ne mutum da aka yi da kuma iya zama kawai idan aka kai tsaye goyon.

halitta kunsa

Halitta gidaje cewa wanzu ba tare da ɗan adam baki, suna da nasu ciki rarrabuwa. Wadannan iri na halitta kunsa a kan tushen da makamashi:

- su ne gaba daya dogara a kan hasken rana radiation.

- samun su samar da makamashi ba kawai daga sama jiki, amma kuma daga sauran halitta kafofin.

A farko daga cikin wadannan guda biyu al'amarin ne marasa amfani. Duk da haka, wadannan halitta tsarin ne da muhimmanci ga duniya tamu, saboda akwai babbar yankunan da shafi samuwar sauyin yanayi, da tsarkake babban kundin na iska, da dai sauransu

Halitta gidaje samun makamashi daga mahara kafofin ne mafi m.

Artificial biosphere naúrar

Daban-daban da kuma anthropogenic al'amarin. Yanayin kasa iri daban-daban na wannan kungiyar sun hada da:

- agro-kunsa, wanda haifar daga cikin hali na mutum noma.

- tehnoekosistemy tasowa daga ci gaban masana'antu.

- urbanoekosistemy tasowa daga kafa ƙauyuka.

Duk wadannan nau'ukan mutum-sanya al'ummar yanayin kasa halitta da kai tsaye hannu na mutum.

A iri-iri na halitta gyara na biosphere

Nau'in kuma ta halitta abin da ke faruwa kunsa ne daban-daban. Kuma muhalli bambanta su a kan tushen da yanayin da muhalli da yanayi na zama. Saboda haka, akwai uku kungiyoyin da dama daban-daban raka'a na biosphere.

The main iri da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa kunsa:

- kasa;

- ruwa tare.

- Maritime.

Nazarin sasannin halitta tsarin

A bambancin da terrestrial yanayin kasa irin hada da:

- Arctic da mai tsayi tundra.

- coniferous boreal gandun daji.

- iri-iri masu raunin juriya temperate zone.

- steppe.

- savannas da kuma wurare masu zafi zlakovniki.

- chaparali, shi ne yankin da bushe lokacin bazaar, kuma ruwa winters.

- Desert (as Bishiyoyi da herbaceous).

- Semi-Evergreen rainforests, located a yankunan da pronounced bushe da rigar yanayi;

- wurare masu zafi Evergreen dazuzzukan kurmi.

Bugu da kari ga main iri, akwai tsaka al'amarin. Wannan gandun daji-tundra, semidesert, da sauransu. D.

A dalilan ga wanzuwar daban-daban iri iri na halitta gidaje

A kan me aka sanya a kan wannan duniya tamu daban-daban na halitta kunsa? Nau'in na halitta asalin ne kunsa a wannan yanki dangane da ruwan sama da kuma iska zazzabi. An sani cewa sauyin yanayi a sassa daban-daban na duniya yana da muhimmanci bambance-bambance. A lokacin da wannan shi ne ba iri daya ba, da kuma shekara-shekara adadin hazo. Yana iya zama a cikin kewayon daga 0 zuwa 250 millimeters ko fiye. A wannan yanayin, hazo ko kuma gaba ɗaya ga dukan yanayi, a fall a cikin babban rabo a cikin wasu rigar zamani. Miscellaneous a wannan duniya tamu, da kuma da nufin shekara-shekara da zazzabi. Yana iya da dabi'u daga mummunan dabi'u ko kai talatin da takwas digiri Celsius. Daban-daban da kuma dumama iska taro haƙuri. Yana iya ko ba da gagarumin bambance-bambance a lokacin shekara, kamar a ekweita, kuma an kullum canja.

A halaye na gidaje

Species bambancin da halitta kunsa, terrestrial kungiyar take kaiwa zuwa da cewa kowane daga cikinsu na da rarrabe fasali. Saboda haka, a cikin tundra, wanda aka located zuwa arewa na taiga, akwai wani mai sanyi sauyin yanayi. Domin wannan yanki ne halin da kasa talakawan yanayin zafi da kuma canza iyakacin duniya dare da rana. Summer a cikin wadannan sassa yana kawai 'yan makonni. A wannan yanayin, da duniya yana da lokaci zuwa narke a kananan mita zurfin. Hazo a cikin tundra fada kasa da 200-300 mm a lokacin shekara. Saboda wadannan yanayin damina, waɗannan ƙasashe matalauta ciyayi, wakilta jinkirin-girma lichens, gansakuka da kuma masu rarrafe shrubs ko Dwarf cranberries da kuma blueberries. A wasu lokuta, za ka iya samun Dwarf Birch.

Babu daban-daban richness kuma fauna. Ya aka wakilta reindeer, kananan kamar bĩga dabbobi masu shayarwa, da kuma yara kamar ermine, fox da kuma weasel. A duniyar tsuntsaye da aka wakilta iyakacin duniya mujiya, snow buntings da plovers. Kwari a kan tundra a rinjaye - Diptera jinsunan. Tundra yanayin kasa ne sosai m saboda matalauta ikon warke.

A fadi da dama daban-daban boreal gandun daji, located a arewacin yankunan Amurka da Eurasia. Domin wannan yanayin kasa ne halin da sanyi da kuma dogon hunturu da kuma da yawa hazo a cikin nau'i na snow. A Flora da aka wakilta Evergreen coniferous iri-iri, wanda ke tsiro fir da spruce, Pine da larch. Da wakilan da dabba duniya - muz da badgers, bears da squirrels, Sable da wolverine, kerkẽci da Lynx, fox da kuma mink. Taiga ne halin da yawa tabkuna da kuma Marshes.

Masu raunin juriya gandun daji aka gabatar wadannan da yanayin kasa. Siffofin da irin wannan yanayin kasa samu a gabashin Amurka, East Asia da kuma yammacin Turai. Wannan yanayi sauyin yanayi zone, inda hunturu da zazzabi saukad da ke ƙasa sifili, kuma da dama a cikin wani shekara daga 750 zuwa 1500 mm na ruwan sama. A Flora wannan yanayin kasa da aka gabatar da irin wannan m-Leaved itatuwa kamar Beech, itacen oak, ash kuma Linden. Akwai Bishiyoyi da iko na ganye Layer. A fauna da aka wakilta bears da muz, Lynx da Foxes, squirrels da shrews. Live a cikin wannan yanayin kasa, owls da woodpecker, gauraka suna kiyaye da Falcons.

Steppe temperate zones ne a Eurasia da kuma Arewacin Amirka. Da takwarorinsu ne tussoki a New Zealand, kazalika da pampas Kudancin Amirka. A sauyin yanayi a cikin wadannan yankunan da aka halin da seasonality. A lokacin rani, da iska mai tsanani da da dumi temperate zuwa sosai high dabi'u. Hunturu yanayin zafi ne korau. A lokacin shekara, akwai tsakanin 250 da kuma 750 millimeters hazo. A Flora da matakan da aka wakilta yafi by Turf ciyawa. Daga cikin dabbobi akwai bison da kuma irin gada, da saiga da squirrels, zomaye da kuma marmots, Wolves da hyenas.

Chaparali dake a cikin Rum, kazalika a California, Georgia, Mexico da kuma kudancin gaba na Australia. Wannan m temperate sauyin yanayi zones inda faduwa daga 500 zuwa 700 millimeters na ruwan sama a lokacin shekara. Ciyayi akwai Bishiyoyi da Evergreen ganye m, kamar wani daji pistachio, Laurel da sauransu.

Wadannan muhalli tsarin, kamar yadda savannahs suna located in gabashi da tsakiyar Afrika, ta Kudu da Amurka da kuma Australia. Mafi yawansu suna ayi a kudancin India. Wannan zone zafi da kuma bushe sauyin yanayi, inda a lokacin shekara da dama daga 250 zuwa 750 mm na ruwan sama. A tsirin shi ne mafi yawa - hatsi grassy, kawai a nan kuma akwai wasu rare deciduous itatuwa (itãcen dabĩno, baobabs da acacias). Fauna da aka wakilta zebras da barewa, rhinoceroses da rakumin dawa, damisa da zakoki, griffins, kuma haka .. yawa a wadannan sassa na jini-tsotsa kwari kamar da tsetse gardama.

Hamada da ake samu a sassa na Afrika, a arewacin Mexico, da sauransu. D. A sauyin yanayi ne bushe, tare da ruwan sama kasa da 250 mm a kowace shekara. Kwana a cikin zafi Hamada da kuma sanyi dare. Ciyayi aka wakilta cacti da sparse shrubs tare da m tushen tsarin. Daga cikin namun daji, su ne na kowa squirrels da jerboa, barewa, da Wolves. Wannan m yanayin kasa da aka sauƙi halakar a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ruwa da iska yashwa.

Semi-Evergreen na wurare masu zafi deciduous gandun daji da ake samu a Amurka ta tsakiya da kuma Asia. A cikin wadannan yankunan, akwai interchangeability na bushe da rigar yanayi. A talakawan shekara-shekara da ruwan sama - daga 800 zuwa 1300 mm. Tropical gandun daji sanaki m namun daji.

Tropical Evergreen dazuzzukan kurmi da ake samu a wasu sassa na duniya tamu. Akwai su ne a Amurka ta tsakiya, arewacin South America, a cikin tsakiyar da kuma yammacin kasar Equatorial Afirka, a ga ~ ar teku na arewa maso yammacin Australia, kazalika a kan tsibiran Pacific da kuma Indian tekuna. A dumi sauyin yanayi a cikin wadannan sassa ba su bambanta ba seasonality. M ruwan sama ya wuce iyaka na 2500 mm ko'ina cikin shekara. Wannan tsarin ne halin da wata babbar dama Flora da fauna.

Data kasance halitta gidaje, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba su da wani sarari iyakoki. Tsakanin su ne dole a mika mulki zone. Shi ne ba kawai da hulda da jama'a na daban-daban ta kunsa, amma akwai na musamman iri rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, sauyin zone hada da wani mafi girma iri-iri na Fauna da Flora, fiye da kewaye ta ƙasa.

Ruwa na halitta gidaje

Wadannan biosphere raka'a iya zama a cikin sabo ruwa da kuma tekuna. Na farko rukuni na wadannan sun hada da al'amarin kamar:

- Lenthic - a tafki, tafkunan, tabkuna, watau tsaye ruwa.

- Lothic gabatar a qarqashinsu, koguna, marẽmari.

- dausayi a cikin nau'i na swamps, marshy gandun daji da kuma bakin teku fadamun.

Iri marine kunsa sun hada da:

- pelogichesky hadaddun - da bude teku;

- jihar bakin teku ruwa a yankin na nahiyar shiryayye .

- da upwelling yankin inda m kama kifi da aka yi;

- straits, bays, estuaries, wanda su ne estuaries.

- zurfin-ruwa Reef yankunan.

MISALI halitta hadaddun

Ecologists rarrabe m iri-iri iri na halitta al'amarin. Duk da haka, kasancewar kowane daga cikinsu suna lalacewa ta hanyar daya da kuma guda makirci. Domin fahimtar mafi warai da hulda da duk mai rai, kuma ba halittu masu rai a cikin dayantaka na Muciya, la'akari da irin yanayin kasa na fadamun. All rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne dabbobi da da da tasiri kai tsaye a kan sinadaran abun da ke ciki na iska da kuma ƙasa.

Makiyaya - wannan ma'auni tsarin, wanda ya hada da wani iri-iri abubuwa. Wasu daga cikin su - makroprodutsenty, wanda shi ne herbaceous ciyayi, Yãna halitta Organic kayayyakin na nazarin sasannin al'umma. Bugu da ari, rai na halitta hadaddun a kudi na nazarin halittu abinci sarkar. Kayan lambu, dabba, ko da firamare masu amfani da ci ciyawa da su sassa. Waɗannan su ne wakilan da fauna kamar yadda manyan herbivores da kwari, hakori da yawa jinsunan halittu sun (kurege da zomo, Partridge da sauransu. D.).

Primary masu amfani da ake ci abinci sakandare, da suka hada da carnivorous da tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa (kerkẽci, da mujiya, shaho, fox, da sauransu. D.). Next to connect aikin decomposers. Ba tare da su ba shi yiwuwa a kammala bayanin irin yanayin kasa. Mutane da yawa iri fungi da kwayoyin cuta, da kuma wadannan abubuwa ne a cikin halitta hadaddun. Decomposers decompose kwayoyin kayayyakin zuwa ma'adinai jihar. Idan da zazzabi yanayi ne m, da shuka sharan kuma matattu dabbobi da sauri karya saukar zuwa mafi sauki mahadi. Wasu daga wadannan aka gyara hada a abun da ke ciki batura, wanda ake leached da kuma sake amfani da su. More barga ɓangare na Organic sharan (humus, cellulose da sauransu. D.) decomposes sannu a hankali ciyar da Flora.

anthropogenic kunsa

The sama halitta gidaje iya zama ba tare da wani mutum sa baki. Quite daban-daban shi ne yanayin da mutum ya yi kunsa. Su haši aiki ne kawai tare da kai tsaye hannu na mutum. Alal misali, agroecosystem. Babban yanayin ga ta zama ba kawai amfani da makamashin hasken rana, amma kuma da ya kwarara daga "tallafin" a cikin wani nau'i na irin man fetur.

Part wannan tsarin ne kama da na halitta. Kama da na halitta hadaddun lura a lokacin shuka girma da kuma ci gaba da faruwa a kudi na makamashin hasken rana. Duk da haka, da aikin noma shi ne ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da gona shiri da kuma girbi. Kuma wadannan matakai bukatar makamashi tallafin da al'ummar dan Adam.

Don birnin tana nufin yanayin kasa abin da jinsunan? Wannan anthropogenic hadaddun a wanda babban muhimmanci shi ne makãmashin makamashi. Its amfani a kwatanta da ya kwarara daga hasken rana sama da biyu ko sau uku. A birnin iya kwatanta da zurfin ko kogo al'amarin. Lalle ne, kasancewar wadannan biogeocenosis sun fi mayar dogara a kan samu daga kayan da makamashi daga waje.

Urban kunsa sun taso a sakamakon tarihi tsari, kira urbanization. Ƙarƙashin ikonsa, da kasashe yawan barin yankunan karkara, da samar da manyan jama'a. A hankali, a birnin more kuma mafi karfafa ta rawa wajen ci gaban al'umma. A wannan yanayin, don kyautata jin da mutum da kansa ya halicci wani hadadden birane tsarin. Wannan ya haddasa wasu birane a rabuwa da yanayin take hakkin da kuma data kasance halitta gidaje. Tsarin na kauye za a iya kira birane. Duk da haka, tare da ci gaba da masana'antu ya canza komai. Don irin ta kunsa sun hada da birnin da a kan wanda ƙasa ayyukan shuka ko factory? Ã'a, shi za a iya kira masana'antu da kuma birane. Wannan hadadden kunshi na zama yankunan da kuma yankunan kan wanda ake located da abubuwa, samar da dama kayayyakin. Yanayin kasa birni daban-daban daga mafi yawan halitta da kuma, a Bugu da kari, daban-daban mai guba sharar rafi.

Domin inganta yanayi, mutumin halitta a kusa da ƙauyukansu da ake kira kore bel. Sun kunshi wani grassy Lawn da kuma shrubs, itatuwa da tafkunan. Wadannan kananan-sized halitta kunsa nuna kwayoyin kayayyakin, wanda ba ya taka musamman a birnin rayuwa. Domin kasancewar mutane bukatar abinci, da man fetur, ruwa da wutar lantarki daga waje.

A urbanization aiwatar muhimmanci canza rayuwar duniya tamu. A tasiri na wani tsari na wucin gadi mutum tsarin to babban har canza yanayin kan sararin yankunan da Duniya. A cikin wannan birnin ba kawai rinjayar da zones inda nasu gine-gine da kuma yi ayyukan. Ana rinjayar da sararin ƙasa da kuma bayan ta kan iyakoki. Alal misali, ta kara da bukatar da kayayyakin na itace masana'antu mutane sare gandun daji.

A lokacin aiki na gari fadi da dama na abubuwa cikin yanayi. Sun ƙazantar da iska da kuma canza yanayin damina. A cikin birane, a sama da girgije, kuma kasa sunshine, mafi hazo da kuma yayyafi, kuma kadan warmer fiye da kewayenta.