Kwarangwal na tsuntsu: tsarin fasali

A wannan labarin, za mu magana game da abin da suke da halaye na tsarin tsuntsaye, abin da yake da kwarangwal. Tsuntsaye ne ban sha'awa saboda kawai kungiyar na vertabrate (wanin jemagu), m ba kawai Tsayar a cikin iska, da kuma ga wannan jirgin. Kila lafiya dace da wannan manufa. Kamar yadda Masters na iska, suka bunƙasa a ƙasa, kuma a kan ruwa, da kuma wasu daga cikinsu, kamar ducks, - a duk uku muhallin. Wannan taka wata rawa ba kawai tsuntsu kwarangwal, amma kuma gashinsa. Babban taron, tabbatar da ci gaba na wadannan halittu ya raya plumage. Saboda haka, mu yi la'akari da ba kawai da kwarangwal na tsuntsu, amma a takaice gaya maka game da shi.

Kamar ulu a dabbobi masu shayarwa, gashinsa samo asali na farko a matsayin wani zafi insulating murfin. Kawai daga baya suka canza kama zuwa m jirgin sama. Birds ado a gashinsa, a fili, miliyoyin shekaru kafin su sami ikon tashi.

Evolutionary canje-canje a cikin tsarin da tsuntsãye

A karbuwa ga jirgin ya jagoranci wani sake fasalin kudin dukkan sashin jiki da kuma tsarin hali. Canza da kuma kwarangwal na tsuntsu. Hotuna ƙaddamar da na sama - image na ciki tsarin kurciya. Tsarin canje-canje bayyana, yafi a kara tsoka ƙarfi, alhãli kuwa Munã rage jiki nauyi. Ƙasusuwan kwarangwal zama m ko salula, ko ya canza kama zuwa wani bakin ciki mai lankwasa farantin, yayin da rike isa ƙarfi domin su aiwatar da nufin ayyuka. A wurin da nauyi hakora zo da sauki baki, gashin tsuntsu guda cover - wani samfurin na haske, ko da shike yana iya auna fiye da kwarangwal din. Zubar tsakanin ciki gabobin hannu a numfashi iska bags.

Features tattabara kwarangwal

Muna ba da shawara ga la'akari daki-daki kwarangwal na wani tattabara. Ya kunshi da pelvic ƙasũsuwa, da ƙasũsuwan da reshe, da wutsiya vertebrae, akwati, mahaifa kashin baya da kuma zagayayyen kwanya. Kokon ware wuyansa, kambi, goshi, baki da kuma manya-manyan ido kwasfa. A baki ne zuwa kashi biyu sassa - wani babba da kuma ƙananan. Su motsa baya daga juna. Mahaifa ya hada da wani tushe na wuyansa, makogwaro kuma wuyansa. tattabara kwarangwal a cikin dorsal part kunshi da sacral, lumbar da thoracic vertebrae. Dairy - na sternum, da kuma 7 da nau'i-nau'i daga hakarkarinsa gyarawa zuwa thoracic vertebrae. Caudal vertebrae aka saka a mota, da kuma a haɗe woje, hada da connective nama. Irin wannan, a cikin general sharuddan, tsuntsu kwarangwal. Students an gabatar a sama.

tana mayar kwarangwal

Tana mayar kwarangwal hade tare da motsi tsuntsaye a kan su Hind kafafu da kuma amfani da gaban for jirgin, mafi fili bayyana a cikin kafada da pelvic abin ɗamararsa. Hanya bel aka rigidly da alaka da sternum, kuma domin jiki a lokacin jirgin kamar yadda rataye a kan fuka-fuki. Wannan shi ne cimma godiya ga karfi overgrown coracoid ɓasũsuwa lalle ne m, a dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Kwarangwal tsuntsaye ya muhimmanci Karfafuwa pelvic abin ɗamararsa. A Hind wata gabar jiki na wadannan dabbobi riƙe da kyau a ƙasa (a kan rassan lokacin da hawa ko a lokacin kewayawa a kan ruwa) da kuma, mafi muhimmanci, ta kasu nasarar da ya sãme lokacin da saukowa. Tun da kashi ya zama bakin ciki, su ƙarfi da aka inganta da Fusion tare da juna a lokacin da aka sauya tsarin tsuntsu kwarangwal. Kamar yadda a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, uku guda biyu pelvic ƙasũsuwa Fused da kashin baya, kuma da juna. Garwaya akwati vertebrae, daga karshe thoracic da kuma kawo karshen tare da na farko wutsiya. su duka ya zama wani ɓangare na hadaddun na sacrum, wanda ƙarfafa pelvic abin ɗamara, kyale karshen tsuntsaye yin ayyuka ba tare da damun aiki na sauran tsarin.

wata gabar jiki tsuntsaye

kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da reshe, ta kwatanta tsarin tsuntsu kwarangwal. Su karfi modified idan aka kwatanta da hankula siffofin halayyar vertabrate. Saboda haka, kasusuwa bakwai cikin kafa da yatsun kafa ƙasũsuwa tsawo da kuma garwaya tare, don samar da wani ƙarin kashi extremities. Cinya yawanci boye a karkashin gashinsa. A Hind wata gabar jiki bayyana inji cewa damar da tsuntsaye kiyaye a kan rassan. Yatsa flexor ƙarya sama da gwiwa. Su dogon tendons mika tare da gaban gefe na gwiwa, sa'an nan baya-gefen bobbin da kuma ƙananan surface na yatsunsu. By lankwasawa da yatsunsu, a lokacin da tsuntsu bakuna reshe agara inji makullansu su, sabõda haka kãmun ba rasa ƙarfi, ko da a lokacin barci. By ta Hind reshe tsuntsu tsarin sosai kama da mutum kafar, amma da yawa daga cikin ƙasusuwansa da kafa da kafa a cikin ta Fused.

buroshi

Characterizing siffofin tsuntsu kwarangwal, lura cewa musamman ba zato canje-canje a dangane da karbuwa ga jirgin da ya faru a goga tsarin. Sauran ƙasusuwan forelimbs sun girma tare, don samar da wata goyon baya ga primary jirgin gashinsa. Kiyaye farko yatsa ne rudimentary goyon baya ga m da abubuwa a matsayin wani takamaiman kayyadewa, wanda rage braking reshe a low gudu gudu. Secondary jirgin gashinsa a haɗe zuwa ulna. Tare da wani abun lura na'urar da kanta gashinsa duk haifar da reshe - a jiki, halin high dace da kuma Na'urar plasticity. Kasa ne kwarangwal na wani dadadden a cikin 17th karni da Dodo tsuntsu.

fikafikai

Bar da kuma iko a jirgin samar da jirgin da wutsiya gashinsa, amma su da nata irin kaddarorin ba tukuna cikakken gane. A al'ada jirgin, flapping fuka-fuki motsa saukar da tura, sa'an nan - sharply zuwa gaba da baya da baya. Bayan tasiri downward reshe yana da wani m kwana na hari, cewa za a yi sõmammu gudun idan farko gashinsa ba sarrafa a wannan lokaci a matsayin mai zaman kanta m jirgin sama, hana hanawa. Kowane alkalami da aka juya su, sama da kasa tare da shaft, don haka da cewa a gaba shugabanci sakamakon gogayya, taimaka da baya na burinsu. Haka kuma, a wani kwana na kama na vane aka bai fita daga gaban reshe. Wannan Forms yanke cewa ya rage haukan kogi na m jirgin sama da kuma game da shi quenching hanawa. Saukowa tsuntsu pre bice gudun, sakawa jiki a tsaye jirgin sama da kuma karyata braking wutsiya fuka-fuki.

Features na tsarin daban-daban da fuka-fuki na tsuntsaye

Bird, iya tashi sannu a hankali, da musamman kama hankali gibba tsakanin fidda gwani. Alal misali, Golden Eagle (Aquilachysaetos, hoton sama) jinkiri tsakanin gashinsa sa up 40% na jimlar reshe yankin. A Angulaye suna sosai m wutsiya halitta karin daga lokacin da kyawu. Sauran matsananci idan aka kwatanta da fuka-fuki na gaggafa da Angulaye samar da dogon kuma kunkuntar fikafikan seabirds.

Alal misali, albatrosses (a hoto na daya daga cikinsu ya gabatar a sama) ne kusan ba m fikafikansu, shawagi a cikin iska, sa'an nan swooping, tashin gwauron zabi up wani abu sanyi. Su hanyar jirgin ne don haka na musamman da cewa a kwantar da hankula weather su suna zahiri gam zuwa ga ƙasa. Hummingbird fuka-fuki ne a farko gashinsa, kuma suna iya yi fiye da 50 shanyewar jiki da na biyu, a lokacin da tsuntsu rataye a cikin iska. yayin da suka matsawa baya da kuma fitar a cikin kwance jirgin sama.

gashinsa

Gashinsa iya yin wani iri-iri na ayyuka. Saboda haka, da wuya jirgin da wutsiya gashinsa samar da fuka-fuki da wutsiya. A opaque da kwane-kwane ba zuwa ga tsuntsãye faired jiki da kuma fluff ne a thermal insulator. Jingina a kan juna, kamar rufin fale-falen, gashinsa haifar da ci gaba da santsi murfin. Lafiya tsarin da alkalami zuwa mafi girma har fiye da wani sauran sifofin, tsiraru da tabbatar da ci gaba na tsuntsaye a cikin iska. Kowane vane kunshi daruruwan barbs, wanda aka located in daya jirgin sama a garesu na yanar gizo, da kuma daga gare su a garesu mika barbules dauke hooks a gefe m daga jikin tsuntsu. Wadannan hooks jingina zuwa santsi barbules baya jere daga barbs, wanda damar a ci gaba da siffar vane canzawa. A kowane Makhov gashin tsuntsu manyan tsuntsaye ne har zuwa miliyan 1.5. Barbules.

A lissafin da kuma da muhimmancin

A baki na tsuntsaye da aka sabawa jiki. A cikin misali na woodcock (Scolopaxrusticola, daya daga cikinsu aka nuna a cikin hoto a sama), za ka iya ganin yadda wuya iya zama mataki na baki, tsuntsu qara shi a cikin ƙasa, nemi tsutsa. Tuntu e kan ganima, tsuntsu rage m tsoka motsa gaba square ƙasũsuwa da cewa wani bangare ne na mandibular baka. Wadanda, bi da bi, kaimi da zygomatic kashi, wadda sa har zuwa lankwasa tip daga cikin manya kashin dadashinsu, shi ne wani m rami ta hanyar abin da na subclavian tsoka agara ne a haɗe zuwa babba gefen kafada. Saboda haka, yayin da rage subclavian tsoka reshe fito, yayin da rage jarirai - An tsallake.

Saboda haka, za mu kafa fitar da babban fasali na tsuntsaye da kwarangwal tsarin. Da fatan za ka gano wani sabon abu game da wadannan ban mamaki tãlikai.