Kyamara Obscura - menene wannan? "Great-kakan" kyamara

Kyamara obscura - wani samfur na zamani kamara. An uncomplicated na'urar taimake mu da kakanninmu kama da m lokacin rayuwa.

definition

Kyamara obscura - mai sauki Tantancewar na'urar da sa sake kunnawa na images of abubuwa. Daga Latin nufin "duhu dakin" cewa mafi fili nuna a cikin kayan aiki. Yana da wani akwatin tare da wani rami, kuma a Matte gilashin allo ko takarda. Iya shiga ta hanyar wani makeshift ruwan tabarau, hasken daukawa contours daga cikin abu a kan surface.

tarihi bayanai

A tarihin daukar hoto fiye da daya karni. Babu shakka, shi ne inextricably nasaba da na'urar a matsayin wata kyamara obscura. A farko ambaci shi dating baya daga V karni BC. Sin Falsafa Mao Tse aka bayyana a cikin ayyukansa ban sha'awa sabon abu: a kan bango na wani duhu dakin image ya bayyana. Har ila yau son halin da ake ciki da aka bayyana ta Aristotle.

A mataki na gaba za a iya dauke da X karni. Ibn Alhazen (Larabci malamin), nazarin Sun, aka yin musamman kallo alfarwa. Shi ne ya yi, a cikin layi daya da halittar wani sabon ka'idar haske yaduwa, ya ce da manufa na kyamara obscura.

A tarihin daukar hoto ne inextricably nasaba da ci gaban ilmin taurari. Saboda haka, da farko a pinhole kyamara ya samu da aikace-aikace a cikin lura da kallon masassarar rana (XIII karni). Amma Leonardo Vinci amfani da na'urar wa azuzuwan a zanen, wanda aka rubuta a cikin daki-daki, a cikin aikinsa. Tun daga nan, da yawa artists yi amfani da kamara obscura a cikin aikinsa.

Da ra'ayin ba da ruwan tabarau na kamara ya fara gabatar a 1550, da Italiyanci likita G. Cardano. Ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa irin bidi'a za muhimmanci inganta image quality. A 'yan shekarun baya wani Italian - D. Barbaro -predlozhil kara defragmirovat ruwan tabarau.

Tricks artists

Duk da cewa da kamara obscura - wani kayan aiki na zamanin d ilmin Taurari da kuma opticians, wato aikin artists kara kuzari masana kimiyya don ƙirƙirar hotuna. A wani kokarin sauƙaƙe aikinsu, artists an rayayye ta amfani da na'urar. Saboda haka, tare da taimakon artists pinhole zuwa Project wani image a kan takarda ko plaster, sa'an nan da contours daga gawayi, fensir, Paint ko wasu kayan. Yana da wannan mataki ya sa lissafin kimiyya zaton kyamara kamata ba kawai da za a kimanta, amma kuma kama da image.

Saboda haka, mafi idon basira ayyukan artists - shi ne ba kawai da abin yabo na su na sirri basira, amma kuma a kyamara obscura. An tabbatar da cewa alatu Louis carrogis carmontelle hotuna da kuma wasan kwaikwayo cityscapes Bellotto - shi ne sakamakon amfani da wannan na'ura. Kuma ko da a cikin XIX karni, a lokacin da pinhole fara canja wurin image uwa da takarda, artists sun yi amfani da wannan dukiya ɗauka da sauƙi duhun gilashi lithograph da watercolor.

manufa na aiki

Maimakon haka m, amma a lokaci guda wuya na'urar ne a kyamara obscura. Ka'idar aiki ne cewa, wucewa ta cikin rami a gaban gefe na na'ura, da hasken rana haskoki nuna wani hoton a allon. A daidai wannan lokaci, zai juya juye.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa low-definition image taimaka wajen yin pinhole kamara. A hotuna ne quite blurry. Sharpness iya kawai za a karu da rage rami "ruwan tabarau", wanda damar domin rage tasirin waje-haskoki a kan allo. Duk da haka, kawai manyan budewa iya sa image da haske.

A samfur na zamani kyamara

A farko kamara obscura ya quite m. Bugu da kari, a cikin kanti shi bayar da wani inverted image, wanda shi ne ba sosai dace. Amma ta 1686 Yoganessa Zahn kyautata na'urar, ba na farko šaukuwa kamara. Yana sanye take da na'urar madubai, ajiye su a wani kwana na 45 digiri. Sun Project wani image a kan wani kwance platinum.

A wannan ci gaban da daukar hoto bai tsaya. Masana kimiyya suna kullum kammala na'urar, equipping ta ruwan tabarau, wanda ba kawai yana faɗaɗa da Viewing kwana, amma kuma sa hoton bayarda. A sakamakon haka, sun kasance iya samun karamin mobile kamara da cewa fitarwa nuna a isasshe kaifi hotuna.

gyare-gyare

Sanin yadda za a pinhole kamara, wasu m mutane ji dadin wani gaskiya gida wasan kwaikwayo. Alal misali, hakowa a kananan rami a gina garu, za a iya gani a kan kishiyar jirgin sama domin abin da ke faruwa a kan titi. A cikin rashi na talabijin ya quite ban sha'awa nisha. Amma wannan, ba shakka, da m amfani da manufa na pinhole.

More m firtsi ne da ake kira "pinhole kyamara". Yana da irin kamara a cikin abin da ruwan tabarau da aka bayar a maimakon a kananan rami. Pictures dauka tare da taimakon wannan na'urar ne m, amma quite zurfi. An lura da kusan cikakkiyar line al'amurra. Wannan na'urar ne m ko da a tsakanin zamani masu daukan hoto.

A 1807 Wollaston ƙirƙira kamara lucida. Yana da wani Prism da fuskoki huɗu. Ajiye ta a wani kwana, ya yiwu don canja wurin da image uwa da takarda. Saboda haka, lucida ƙaunar da artists suka yi da taimakon sosai m zane da kuma almara.

Yadda za a yi your own kamara

Yin kayan aiki reviews, 'yan mutane tunani game da abin da ya fara kamara. Hakika, za ka iya samun bayanai a kan Internet, ko a kundayen, amma yafi ban sha'awa da kuma karin bayani zai sa kyamara da kanka. Domin wannan kana bukatar wani al'ada matchbox. A ta gaban gefen bukatar ka yi wani kananan rami (ba fiye da rabin millimeter, in ba haka ba da kamara zai yi aiki ba). A kasan akwatin don sa da photo takarda ko fim. Yanzu sanya wani makeshift kyamara don haka da cewa shi "ruwan tabarau" da aka aiko daga. Bayan 4-5 hours, a lokacin da ka bude akwatin na ashana, za ku ga cewa a takarda (film) nuna contours daga cikin abu.

for professionals

Kyamara obscura - mai sauki, amma quite ban sha'awa da na'urar da bautar wani zamani da hankulansu. Hakika, za ka iya yin wani m na'urar da wani matchbox, da takalma akwatin ko gwangwani shayi, amma idan ka gaske m na daukar hoto, za ka iya yin kamara, da m ga asali. Kamar haka, hada zamani da fasaha da kuma zamanin da ilimi, za ka iya ƙirƙiri quite asali.

Za ka bukatar:

• rufe daga kyamara jiki;
• square yanki na aluminum (gwangwani za a iya yanka fita daga giya ko carbonated m yanã shã).
• da allura.
• baki lantarki tef.
• sandpaper.
• almakashi.
• rawar soja.

Da murfi na kyamara jiki rawar soja a rami diamita na 5 mm. Sosai kara duk unevenness tare da m sandpaper to, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa na roba ba a hada a cikin masallãci.

Next, wani rami dole ne a yi a wani yanki da aluminum. Wannan za a iya yi ta amfani da allura huda abu 7 sau. Wannan guntu ma bukatar a hankali goge, sa'an nan kuma hašawa da shi zuwa ga cover ta hanyar bututu tef. Yana da muhimmanci cewa cibiyar na biyu ramuka dace ba.

Ya zauna kawai don hašawa hula da ruwan tabarau da kuma fara harbi. Ganin cewa diaphragm ne kananan, masana bayar da shawarar yin amfani da taži. Don samun bayarda hotuna, ga haske na flash ake amfani.

ƙarshe

Ko a zamanin da, da sages san yadda za a pinhole kyamara aiki. Daga cikin Sphere na kimiyya, wannan na'urar hankali gudun hijira zuwa mulkin art. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, da daukan hankali da labarun almara da kuma daidaito na shirin ayyukan da yawa artists - shi ne sakamakon amfani da wani pinhole. Duk da haka, mafi yadu used na'urar da aka samu a fagen daukar hoto. Shi ne saboda m baki akwatin, da kakanninmu sun iya kama mafi muhimmanci lokacin da suke m ga tarihi.