Ma'ana juyayi tsarin ga jiki. A tsarin da juyayi tsarin

Daga cikin dukkan m tsarin na jiki shi ne mafi muhimmanci. Wannan ya dogara da shi hadewa aikin na duk sauran gabobin, tsokoki da kuma Kwayoyin. Babban muhimmancin da juyayi tsarin ga jiki da cewa a da kudi da shi ayyuka a matsayin dukan. Bugu da kari, shi ma iko da jiki ta lambobi tare da waje muhalli.

Mutumin a kudi na wannan tsarin iya tunani, bincika abubuwan da suka faru. A zurfi ma'anar juyayi tsarin da jiki fiye da muhimmanci: shi ne sarrafa kome, ciki har da matakai na numfasawa, jini, yunwa, da ƙishirwa, shi ne kuma ke da alhakin dukan mu reflexes, ciki har da mafi m. Don gane da muhimmancin ga jikin mu ke tare da ku, ya kamata ka sani (a kalla a cikin na asali matakin) da tsarin.

Cewa akwai wani ɓangare na juyayi tsarin?

An kafa ta juyayi nama, wanda qunshi neurons da kuma tauraron dan adam Kwayoyin (astrocytes). Bari mu ɗan bayyana su nufi:

• Neuron - babban aikin naúrar na juyayi nama. Wadannan Kwayoyin suna da alhakin da tunani, da kuma ga dukan sauran ayyuka na dukan tsarin.
• Sel da tauraron dan adam aiki da trophic support aiki. A halin yanzu, an yi imani da cewa su ba ma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin ba da dadewa memory, ko da yake wannan jarrabawa bukatar a bayyana.

Muna ci gaba da tattauna tsarin da kuma ma'anar na juyayi tsarin.

A tsarin da neuron

Wannan cell, wanda shi ne alhakin kusan duk abin da ya faru a cikin jiki, da aka hada da jiki da kuma appendages. Sun kasu kashi biyu iri: da axons da dendrites. A farko daga gare su tashi daga sel guda kwafin, dogon. A akasin wannan, da dendrites na daban-daban masu girma dabam ne ba ma shahararren, sosai branched. Matsayin mai mulkin, kowane jijiya cell iya zama da dama. Bisa ga dendrites jijiyar faruwa a cikin keji.

Axon daban-daban mai tsawon, kusan babu rassan. A shi hatsaisai daga cikin jijiya cell jiki. A tsawon wannan tsari zai iya wuce da dama dubun santimita. A cewar shi, da sakonni ana daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar lantarki da jini, kusan nan take.

A kananan digression. Ya kamata a lura cewa, darajar da sifa da aiki na juyayi tsarin haka hadaddun kuma bambancin cewa da yawa daga cikin aikin fasali na wasu musamman hadaddun biochemical matakai da faruwa a cikin zurfin na tsakiya m tsarin, da masu bincike suna kawai fara tsammani.

Axons mai rufi daga wani mai-kamar abu, abin da hidima a matsayin insulator. Yana tafiyar matakai wadannan gungu samar da wata farin m na juyayi tsarin. A jikin neuron da dendrites ba bawo da. Taru da wadannan abubuwa da ake kira m al'amarin.

Muna ci gaba da karatu da tsarin da kuma ma'anar na juyayi tsarin. Dole ne ka share ra'ayin cewa neurons ne sun fi mayar bambanta, sashen na da irin wannan babu Kwayoyin. Za mu ci gaba da magana game da muhimmancin da juyayi tsarin. A general shirin na juyayi tsarin ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin ko da kamar, idan ba ku sani ba game da tsarin da neuron, ta aikin raka'a.

Menene neurons?

Kada ɗauka cewa dukan neurons ne guda. A akasin wannan, su ne sosai daban-daban daga juna a tsari da kuma ayyuka. M aika da hasken dake fitowa daga ji gabobin a cikin kwakwalwa. Jikinsu suna located a cikin manyan ganglia na jiki. By hanyar magana, da ake kira babban gungu na neurons waje kwakwalwa da kuma laka. Motor jinsunan, da bambanci, watsa hasken dake fitowa daga kwakwalwa don tsokoki da kayan ciki.

Intercalary neurons ne alhakin da sadarwa da kuma canja wurin bayanai tsakanin azanci da kuma mota Kwayoyin. Su tafiyar matakai ne sosai takaice, wasa da muhimmancin "yadudduka" ba ya mika bayan kwakwalwa. Saboda haka, cikin kwakwalwa sami bayanai daga duk tsarin da gabobin jiki.

Saboda haka, a takaice cikin rikon kwarya. Mene ne ma'anar asali na juyayi tsarin da jiki? Mun jera:

• Yana sami sakonni daga ji gabobin, wari da kuma touch rabe.
• A neurons samar da samu bayanai analysis.
• A actuating jiki (hannu, misali) m ga daukar kwayar cutar bugun jini.
• The jiki mayalwaci amsa irritating muhalli dalilai.

Hasken dake fitowa daga kwakwalwa da kuma daukar kwayar cutar zuwa da shi ba kawai ga mutum tafiyar matakai na neurons, amma kuma a cikin na musamman jijiyoyi.

Menene your jijiyoyi?

A rayuwar yau da kullum, mu kullum ji Maganar, amma da gaskiya ma'anar ne ko ta yaya ba gani. Amma cikin juyayi tsarin da rawa a cikin jiki ne mai girma haka da ya kamata ka sani game da shi!

Jijiyoyi kira a matsayin lokaci jari na dogon matakai na neurons, wanda aka rufe da wani musamman m shafi. Idan da wannan "Tuddan" ne matakai na mota neurons, jijiyoyi da kansu suke kira motor. Matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin jijiya kututturan dauke da duka biyu dendrites da axons. A wannan yanayin da ake kira gauraye. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin abin da suka iya aika da jijiyar a duka kwatance.

Sassa na juyayi tsarin

Biyu main ƙungiyoyin: da ciki da kuma na gefe. A Tsakiya Division hada kwakwalwa da kuma laka ana kiyaye shi ta, ƙashi na daga cikin kwanyar da kuma kashin baya shafi. Haka kuma, a cikin periphery kunshi ganglia kuma jijiyoyi raba matakai na neurons.

Wannan wani ~ angare na m tsarin cewa iko da aiki na kwarangwal tsokoki, da ake kira somatic. Saboda haka, juyayi tsarin ga jiki, a cikin wannan yanayin yana da muhimmanci: shi ne "somatic" yale mu mu matsawa hannunwansa da ƙafafunsa. Ga kayan ciki alhakin m tsarin sashen. Its aiki ne ba batun m nufin mutum. Kawai sa, kai ne kamar wuya ya san yadda zai sarrafa aiwatar da narkewa, rage gudu ko hanzarta shi.

Saboda haka, da muhimmancin da juyayi tsarin a cikin tsari na jikin ayyuka ne manya-manyan: shi iko ko da matakai da cewa mafi yawan mutane ba su ma sane. Hakika, idan su jiki ne duk dama kuma duk abin da aka aiki a "al'ada" Yanayin.

A wannan sashe akwai biyu manyan "tsarin raka'a": da m kuma da parasympathetic juyayi tsarin. Kusan duk kayan ciki aka innervated da jijiya kututturan shi daga gare ta. Gurbin kan jiki a cikin wadannan sassa ne diametrically gaban.

Alal misali, rage m kara habaka cardiac striated tsoka, kuma parasimpatika - slows saukar da tsari, shi ne ke da alhakin narkewa. Saboda haka, rawar da parasympathetic juyayi tsarin a cikin jiki ne ma fi muhimmanci. Shi ne ke da alhakin numfasawa da sauran m tafiyar matakai.

reflex

Kuma abin da ke da muhimmancin juyayi tsarin a cikin gaba daya mika wuyansu da halayen da mutane da dabbobi zuwa wasu hangula daga cikin yanayi? Kawai sa, da yadda da reflex aiki?

Kamar yadda aka sani, shi ne ke da alhakin wannan inji, wanda muka sani a matsayin "reflex baka". Wannan ita ce hanya tare da jijiyar a daidai lokacin da jiki amsa ga ruri na reflex. Ya kunshi wadannan sassan: tsoka mai amsa sigina m hanya, wasu da alhakin reflex rabo daga cikin juyayi tsarin, da hanya tare da sigina, kazalika daga aiki jiki.

Wannan yadda muhimmanci da juyayi tsarin rayuwar yan Adam. Lokacin da akwai wani abu karya, to wani rashin lafiya mutum na iya zama wani real feat m tying shoelaces. Yana da ban mamaki yadda kadan da yawa suna tunanin game da muhimmancin da juyayi nama!

A stretches na reflex baka

Kowane baka fara da azanci shine rabe. Kowace daga cikinsu gani kawai wasu wasu irin kara kuzari. A rabe da alhakin canji na waje yanayi a cikin jijiyar. Hasken dake fitowa ta cewa matsar da kwarangwal tsokoki, triggering wasu muhimmanci tafiyar matakai da kuma yin daidai da muhimmanci aiki, ne zalla lantarki a yanayi. Tare da wani m neuron hasken dake fitowa ta daukar kwayar cutar zuwa tsakiya m tsarin.

Ka lura da cewa kusan duk reflex arcs an hada da intercalated neurons.

Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa gwiwa-jerk dauki - gaba daya sume aiwatar da cewa, da zarar kunshe, shi ya kasance gaba daya canzawa. Amma ba haka. Gaskiyar cewa sigina daga tsoka mai amsa sigina, da juyayi tsarin ba kawai yarda, amma ciyar da bincike kimantawa da inganci na dauki. Kawai sa, shi ne domin mutane da horo da gyara ayyukansu ba kawai ga reflex automatism, amma kuma yin shi cikakke.

Kuma yanzu bari mu magana, abin da yake da muhimmanci na juyayi tsarin a cikin mahallin na tattaunawa da laka. Wasu yi imani da cewa shi ne musamman domin a cikin riwayar hasken dake fitowa daga kwakwalwa zuwa sassan kasa. A babban kuskure ne, tun da rawar jiki ne yafi muhimmanci.

A tsarin da laka

Located da laka a cikin kashin baya canal. Iyakance kuma kare halitta cavities - girman ƙashi, kazalika da vertebral shafi. Irfanin (ilimin Halittar Jiki), iyakar tsakanin laka da kuma kwakwalwa kara tsakanin occipital kashi da atalas.

A cikin mutane, shi yana cikin nau'i na fari igiyar, da diamita daga wanda shi ne kamar 1 santimita. A tashar kanta mai cike da sayar da giya, cerebrospinal ruwa. A surface na jiki ne guda biyu zurfin tsaye GROOVES, wanda raba shi a cikin dama da hagu tarnaƙi. Idan kwakwalwa da aka yanka a cikin rabin, za ka iya ganin quite da kyau abin kwaikwaya cewa yayi kama da malam.

ta jiki da aka kafa ta neurons (intercalary da kuma mota). Kamar yadda muka riga ce, wani farin abu da yake rufe su a kan kõwane wuri, shi ne wani dogon matakai na neurons. Su mikawa tare da laka, sama da kasa zuwa nau'i uplink da downlink tashoshi.

Menene laka?

Yana biyu main ayyuka sanya: reflexes da kuma rawar da shugaba hanyoyi. Saboda da reflex aiki, dole mu da yiwuwar ya sa mutane da yawa ƙungiyoyi. All ragi na kwarangwal tsokoki na jikin (sai dai shugaban tsokoki) ko ta wani hanya da alaka da reflex arcs, wanda shi ne kai tsaye dogara a kan aiki na da laka.

A wasu kalmomin, da rawar da juyayi tsarin a cikin jikin ta da harshen damo ne musamman m: a cikin tsari na sashin jiki da tsarin sau da yawa da hannu wadanda ta sashen, wanda da yawa tuna sosai ba safai ba.

Ba mu wuce gona da iri! Bayan da laka a kamfanin da ya "kai abokin aiki" tsara da daidai aiki na wani m yawan gabobin: narkewa kamar tsarin da zuciya, urinary tsarin da kuma haihuwa gabobin. Saboda da fari al'amarin suna aiki, samar da wani cikakken-Stage su mayar da martani ga waje da kuma ciki samuwar kasashe.

Muhimmanci! Kada ka manta da cewa laka ne har yanzu subordinated da shugaban a kusa da. Akwai lokuta idan a sakamakon rauni, hatsari ko rashin lafiya na wani mutum gaba daya karya alaka tsakanin kwakwalwa da kuma laka. Da farko, a irin haka yana aiki daidai lafiya. Wannan kawai kusan duk reflexes, wanda aka located kasa da zone, gaba daya bace.

Irin wadannan mutane za su iya, a mafi kyau, don matsar da hannunsa, dan kadan juya kansa, amma dukan ƙananan sashi na jiki su gaba daya m, kuma bã tãre da wani irin aka ji na ƙwarai.

kwakwalwa

Yana dake a cikin kwanyar. Raba a cikin wadannan sassan: da medulla oblongata, cerebellum, gada, tsaka-tsaki da kuma na biyu sashen, kuma yammancin duniya. Kamar yadda a baya, akwai wani farin da launin toka al'amarin. White ta haɗu biyu sassa na kwakwalwa da kuma kashin baya ya sashen. Saboda wannan duka tsakiya m tsarin ayyuka a matsayin dukan.

Ya bambanta da laka, akwai launin toka al'amari ke da jiki surface, forming ta haushi, bawo.

Medulla oblongata ne a gaskiya a ci gaba da kashin baya katin ake bukata domin dangane da wadannan sassa na juyayi tsarin tare. Shi ne da alhakin numfasawa, narkewa da sauran sume ayyuka, amma saboda raunin da yake m ga rayuwa.

Ma'ana daga cikin mutum aka gyara

A cerebellum iko da mota ayyuka. A midbrain ne "sufuri ma'ana" saboda mutane da yawa reflex arcs. Medulla, pons da midbrain form wani irin akwati cudanya tsakanin daban-daban sassa da kuma yi yawa reflex ayyuka. Cora - autan kuma mafi muhimmanci sashen. Shi ne saboda shi, mun yi tunani, tunanin, adana tunanin. Illar bawo ne fraught tare da cikakken asarar ainihi.

Akwai lokuta idan mutane zauna dogon a Jihar asibiti mutuwa, nutsar da su, bayan wani mummunan musamman hatsari, ya bayyana rai a sakamakon m da kuma cardiac farfado. Wannan ke kawai irin wannan jiha za a kira wani da wuya matuƙa rayuwa. Cortical neurons mutu sosai da sauri, bayan da mutumin ya jũya a cikin wani "kayan lambu". Ya ba zai iya ce ba ya da memory na baya rayuwa (da rare ware), shi kullum ba zai iya kula da kansu.

Wannan yadda muhimmanci da juyayi tsarin a cikin kwayoyin.