Jiki Jihar gishiri. Gishiri, Chemistry

Fiye da miliyan 10 Organic da fiye da 500,000 inorganic mahadi da aka sani zuwa chemists yau. Daga cikin su suna wuya a tsarin da kaddarorin, wanda ake amfani da kawai a sinadaran ko likita dalilai. Kuma akwai wadanda cewa ba wuya a samu da kuma suke da matukar kowa a rayuwar yau da kullum. Amma babu kasa mai muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci. Daya daga irin wannan abubuwa da dangantaka gishiri. A cikin gida kuma ana kiranta da abinci da kuma sinadaran masana'antu kira sodium chloride ko sodium chloride. A kan aiwatar da masana'antu shi ne ake kira ma'adinai cewa shi Forms a cikin yanayi - halite da fā gishiri ko dutse gishiri. Bari mu bincika Jihar tari na gishiri, tsarin, Properties, samar, amfani da kuma gwamnati tarihi taro amfani.

A wasu jihohin akwai gishiri?

Mene ne jiki Jihar al'amari da kuma yadda ta faru? Yana dogara a kan abin da irin abu a tambaya. Kowane dalibi girmi 7 aji iya kiran Jihar tari na gishiri, domin shi ne wani abu da yake a cikin kowane gida. Yau, ba tare da wuya ga zamani mutumin su yi tunanin ransa. Bugu da ƙari, tara jihar na gishiri a fili da ido tsirara - finely ko coarsely watsa nau'i na yau da kullum cubic lu'ulu'u. Duk da haka, dissolving da gishiri a ruwa, za mu samu shi a cikin wani daban-daban jihar tari - ruwa. A wannan abu da muka samu, idan mun kawai narke cikin lu'ulu'u a high yanayin zafi. The kawai yanayin wanda ba na hali for gishiri - shi ne gaseous. Amma a karkashin wani yanayi za ka iya samun shi da.

Yanayi na canza jihar na tari

1. Don samun gishiri a cikin ruwa a jihar ta dab m lu'ulu'u na halitta asali, shi wajibi ne a yi amfani da zazzabi na 800 ° ^C.
2. Don maida da gishiri a cikin wani gaseous jihar narke lu'ulu'u dole ne a kawo tafasa (game da 1400 ^C) da kuma tafasa har sai da cikakken miƙa mulki na tsarin gyara a ions (Na ⁺ kuma CL ^-).
3. M jihar na tari na gishiri - shi ne da halitta look a yanayin rayuwa.

Me ake irin wannan fanni na yanayin zafi a lokacin da tanadin da lu'ulu'u ne? Wannan bayani da crystal raga tsarin.

crystal raga

Yana wakiltar daidai fuska-tsakiya cubic m lu'ulu'u. Kowace kusurwa na shigen sukari (raga da maki) suna alternately gaskiya ma cajin Na ⁺ ions da barnatar da cajin ions CL ^-. Saboda sharply dabam-dabam electronegativities na kwayoyin halitta tsakanin su don haka akwai wani karfi electrostatic janye cewa ga lalata ta m yanayi dole ne a yi amfani (high zazzabi, inji tasiri). Wannan irin raga da aka sani ionic, kuma shi ne halayyar duk Alkali, alkaline duniya da kuma mika mulki karafa.

Saboda haka kowa gishiri zazzabi (duka biyu ga narkewa da kuma ga ruwan) ne don haka high. Duk da haka shi ne zai yiwu ba kawai a samu lu'ulu'u na cubic form, amma pyramidal (eight-, twelve- da icosahedral). Don yin wannan, kawai ka bukatar ka daidaita da gishiri bayani danshin zafin jiki a wasu hanya. A cikin wani hali, da ciki rami da aka cika da ruwa lu'ulu'u, idan shi ne wani bayani da gishiri a ruwa.

A sunadarai dabara na sodium chloride ne mai sauki da kuma elemental abun da ke ciki bayyana NaCL.

The jiki Properties na halite

Jiki Properties na sodium chloride za a iya bayyana da dama da maki:

• M lu'ulu'u na fari, ruwan hoda, da shuɗi, da shunayya, ja. Canza launi dogara a kan gaban impurities a cikin hakar. Pure crystal farin abu.
• Narkewa a ruwa a cikin wani rabo na game da 100/30 (a cikin 100 g ruwa 30 g gishiri). Good solubility saboda gaban na ruwa dipoles suna hade a kanta sodium da kuma chlorine ions, haddasa halakar da electrostatic janye tsakanin su, saboda haka, halakar da crystal raga.
• Narke da kuma tafasa a high yanayin zafi (800-1400 ° ^C).
• Yana yana da wani suma m wari.
• M iyawa.

A sunadarai Properties na sodium chloride

Kamar yadda duk talakawan-narkewa gishiri, sodium chloride ne iya shiga hulda da:

• Sauran salts da musayar halayen (alamomin: wani dauki gas rabuwa, hazo ko samuwar malodissotsiiruemogo abu): NaCL + AgNO ₃ = Nano ₃ + AgCL (fari curdy precipitate). Wannan ingantaccen dauki a kan ion CL ^-.
• Tare da karafa, bar ta tsaye a EHRNM sodium: K + NaCL = KCl + Na.
• Dissociates a ruwa-ruwa bayani yantar hydrated ions dipoles ruwa: NaCL _{(mai ruwa-ruwa p-p)} = Na ^{+ +} CL ^-. A sakamakon haka ne gishiri bayani wanda shi ne mai karfi electrolyte.
• An ba hõre hydrolysis, kamar yadda shi ne gishiri kafa tare da wani karfi acid da kuma karfi tushe.
• A electrolysis (lantarki yanzu) decomposes ta samar da free kayayyakin da sodium hydroxide (caustic soda): NaCL = Na + CL ₂ + NaOH.

Inda a cikin yanayi ƙunshi sodium chloride?

A halin yanzu, kowa gishiri - wani abu fiye samu a yanayi. Ko da yake shi ya kasance kullum, amma a zamanin da da kuma tsakiyar zamanai da aka dauke shi a tsada sosai samfurin. Duk wannan daga gaskiyar cewa sun san babu hanyar da gishiri hakar daga halitta kafofin. Kuma wadannan kafofin a duniya ta reserves sun yi yawa haka - halite dauke kusan Unlimited halitta hanya. Ina da gishiri samu a cikin yanayi?

1. Tekuna kuma tekuna na gishiri da ruwa.
2. Gishiri tabkuna.
3. Gishiri marẽmari.
4. Ruwan karkashin kasa.
5. Ruwa estuaries.

hakar na halite

Fizgar da kuma aiki na gishiri da nasu fasahar matsayin mined abu sau da yawa m for amfani saboda da babban abun ciki na impurities. Mined dutse gishiri a hanyoyi daban-daban, misali:

• ta karkashin kasa hakar ma'adinai.
• na yadudduka a kasa na da gishiri tafkunan.
• da danshin ko daskare fitar da m teku, ko teku ruwa.
• danshin da ruwan karkashin kasa.

Ko dai hanyar sa shi yiwuwa a sami lu'ulu'u na halite. Duk da haka, domin adam amfani, suna da guda kawai irin magani - nika. Bayan duk, wuya kowa ne ta amfani da gidan na dafa manyan crystal gishiri. Mafi sau da yawa, ya zama a cikin tsabtace na impurities, crushed kusan cikin foda siffan. Akwai kuma ra'ayoyi na iodized gishiri, fluoridated da sauransu, ba kawai don abinci amma kuma fasaha dalilai.

aikace-aikace gishiri

Aikace-aikace da kuma yin amfani da sodium chloride ne m. Babban daga gare su, tare da misalai da kuma sakamakon da aka nuna a Table.

A labarin na rayuwar yau da kullum

Sol bayyana a cikin alluna a cikin kowane gidan ba nan da nan. Da zarar ya daraja da nauyi a cikin zinariya, kuma a mafi gaskiyan ji. A cikin XVIII karni, wasu Narody Afriki musayar dintsi na gishiri a kan wani dintsi na zinariya yashi. Daga baya a kasar Habasha gishiri wedges sun misali kudin. A zamanin d Roma, da soja legionnaires ko wata-wata albashi da aka ba wannan abu da ƙarshe ya kai ga ambatar su sojoji. The yara matalauta Afirka mutane kawai suka lashe guda na dutse tebur gishiri a matsayin delicacy. A cikin Netherlands da aka yi amfani don hukunta masu laifi ga azaba. Guilty bai ba da gishiri, da kuma wani mutum ya mutu a cikin wani gajeren lokaci.

Domin da farko lokacin da za a zabi da kuma cinye abinci a cikin wannan kaya, mutane koya a zamanin da. Sai aka gano cewa gishiri dauke a cikin shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, aka ƙone su duka, da kuma ash aka yi amfani a matsayin kayan yaji. Daga baya a cikin kasar Sin sun koyi su ƙafe gishiri daga teku ruwa, da kuma aiwatar da shirye-shiryen hanyoyin fara motsa da sauri.

A Rasha, cirewa gishiri daga cikin tabkuna (cikin shahararrun gishiri tabkuna na Rasha ya zuwa yanzu - Elton da Baskunchak). Sa'an nan kudi ne muhimmanci abubuwa ne sosai rare. Cirewa shi kawai 'yan kasuwa, wanda sa'an nan kuma sayar a ƙẽtare farashin. Iya zuwa da gishiri iya kawai arziki da kuma shahararrun mutane. A tsawon lokaci, samarwa da kuma samar aka gyara ba. hanyoyi daban-daban na hakar kuma aiki na karfe amfani, da kuma a yau daya daga cikin mafi kowa gidan abubuwa - gishiri. Chemistry wannan fili, Properties da aikace-aikace a magani da sauran masana'antu sun zama sani daga kimanin XVI-XVII ƙarni.

Karatu a wata makaranta Hakika

A nazarin tsarin da kuma jihar na tari, kazalika da sinadaran Properties na gishiri farawa a makaranta, a cikin irin wannan tarbiyya kamar sunadarai (Grade 8). Gishiri a cikin makaranta Hakika karatu a dukkan su bambancin a yanayi. A ƴan samun fahimtar da sinadaran tushen empirical dabarbari, ainihin jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. Domin tsabta da kuma saukaka haddacen dabarbari da jiki Properties na da flyleaf littafi yawanci located gishiri tebur wanda ya ba da wani ra'ayin na su solubility a ruwa. Akwai za ka iya samun bayanai a kan solubility na acid, alkalis da kuma sansanonin sojin.

An muhimmanci alama ne su salts fusibility kan wanda dogara ne da samar kamar yadda a cikin yanayi. Dalibai sauƙi nemi hanya na warware matsaloli a kan narkewa hali na gishiri. Table kuma mai hoto images iya ba kawai ga fusible abu ko tsaurin, amma kuma sanin da m narkewa batu da kuma tafasar. Yawanci, wadannan alluna kuma shirya a litattafan ( "Chemistry", Grade 8). Gishiri ya kamata a yi karatu a cikin mahallin da irin kimiyyar kamar ilmin halitta da kuma kimiyyar lissafi. Saboda haka, sa na ayyuka ga dalibai da aka gina a kan hadewa da ha] in gwiwar sadarwa.