Main matakai na cell aiki

A cell - ainihin naúrar dukkan kwayoyin. Daga ta jihar dogara a kan mataki na aiki, da ikon daidaita da wa muhalli da yanayi. Kwayoyin subordinated m matakai wasu regularities. A matakin na aiki na kowane kwarara dogara da rai sake zagayowar bulan. A total na biyu ware: Interphase da rabo (M lokaci). A farko daukan lokaci tsakanin samuwar Kwayoyin da su mutuwa, ko division. A lokacin Interphase rayayye ci gaba kusan dukkan manyan rayuwa tafiyar matakai na Kwayoyin: abinci , da numfashi, girma, irritability, motsi. cell haifuwa ne da za'ayi kawai a cikin lokaci M.

lokaci na Interphase

Duk da yake cell girma tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da aka raba dama, saukarwa:

• presynthetic ko G-lokaci 1 - farko: kira na manzo RNA, sunadaran da wasu sauran salula abubuwa.
• roba ko zamani S: cire tallafin DNA.
• postsynthetic, ko G-2 lokaci: shiri domin mitosis.

Bugu da kari, wasu daga cikin sel gushe raba bayan bambantawa. A cikinsu akwai wani Interphase tsakanin G-1. Suna da ake kira kyaun lokaci (G-0).

metabolism

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da rayuwa tafiyar matakai na rayuwa Kwayoyin ga mafi part aukuwa a lokacin Interphase. Babban na su ne cikin metabolism. Godiya ga shi faruwa ba kawai daban-daban ciki dauki amma kuma intercellular matakai haxe tsarin a raba jiki.

metabolism yana da wani makirci. cell rayuwa matakai sun fi mayar dogara a kan ta yarda, da rashin wani irin take hakki ya kasance a cikinta. Matter kafin tasiri a kan kwayuka yanayi, dole ne shiga ta cikin membrane. Sa'an nan kuma suna hõre wani aiki a kan aiwatar da ciyar, ko numfashi. A na gaba mataki na sarrafa sakamakon kayayyakin aka yi amfani da kira na sabon abubuwa ko canji na data kasance Tsarin. Sauran bayan duk canje na na rayuwa kayayyakin da suke cutarwa ga Kwayoyin ko kawai ba ya bukatar shi, share waje muhalli.

Assimilation da dissimilation

Regulation na wani m canji na rikirkida wasu abubuwa a cikin wasu da hannu enzymes. Su taimakawa ga mafi m kwarara daga takamaiman matakai, Ina nufin yi kamar yadda catalysts. Kowane irin wannan "totur" rinjayar kawai takamaiman canji tsari ga directing a daya shugabanci. A sabuwar kafa abubuwa mafi fallasa zuwa sauran enzymes da taimakawa wajen su kara canji.

A wannan yanayin, duk da Kwayoyin na da muhimmanci matakai a hanya daya ko wani hade da biyu gaban trends: assimilation da dissimilation. Domin musayar su hulda da abubuwa, balance, ko wani adawa ne akai. Daban-daban abubuwa samu daga waje suna tuba da enzymes a cikin m, kuma wajibi ne ga tantanin halitta. Wadannan roba rikirkida ake kira assimilation. Bugu da kari, domin irin wannan halayen bukatar makamashi. Its tushen ne tsari na dissimilation, ko kuma hallakaswa. Lalacewar wakili ne tare da saki da makamashi da ake bukata domin Kwayoyin iya faruwa asali tafiyar matakai na rayuwa. Dissimilation kuma inganta da samuwar wani karin sauki abubuwa, waxanda ake amfani da sabon kira. Sashe na daga cikin bazuwar kayayyakin haka nuna.

A matakai na cell aiki hade sau da yawa tare da ma'auni na kira da kuma bazuwar. Saboda haka, ci gaban mai yiwuwa ne kawai tare da wani predominance na assimilation kan dissimilation. Sha'awa, da karshe girma cell iya ba: shi shar'anta wasu iyaka, bayan da ci gaban tsaya a nan ba.

shigar azzakari cikin farji

Kai daga na yanayi yanayi na abubuwa a cikin cell da aka yi passively kuma rayayye. A cikin tsohon harka da canja wurin zama zai yiwu saboda yadawa da kuma osmosis. Active kai yana tare da kashe kudi da makamashi da kuma sau da yawa yakan faru duk da kayyade tafiyar matakai. Saboda haka, misali, potassium ions shiga. Suna allura a cikin cell, ko idan da taro a cytoplasm wuce matakin a cikin yanayi.

Details abubuwa shafi mataki zuwa wanda permeability na jikin tantanin. Saboda haka, kwayoyin kayan fada cikin cytoplasm wuta fiye inorganic. An kafa zuwa permeability da size da kwayoyin. Har ila yau, Properties na membrane ne dogara a kan physiological jihar na cell da kuma muhalli da fasali kamar zafin jiki da kuma haske.

abinci

A shigarwa na abubuwa daga cikin yanayi suna da hannu fairly da kyau-karatu tafiyar matakai na rayuwa: cell numfasawa da da iko. A karshen da aka kwashe via pinocytosis da phagocytosis. Ginshikai na biyu matakai ne irin wannan, amma a lokacin pinocytosis entrained karami da kuma kasa m barbashi. A kwayoyin tunawa da wani abu adsorbed membrane an kama a tarko da musamman outgrowths kuma sunã taimakon da su a cikin sel. A sakamakon haka ne da tashar, sa'an nan ya fito daga membrane vesicles dauke da edible barbashi. A hankali, suna kebe daga harsashi. Next, da barbashi da ake gittar da wa sosai a kusa da narkewa tsari. Bayan jerin canje abu raba cikin mafi sauki da kuma amfani ga kira na abubuwa dole cell. A wannan bangare na related abubuwa samu a cikin yanayi, kamar yadda ba batun kara aiki ko amfani.

numfashin

Power - ba kawai aiwatar da cewa ya inganta bayyanar da cell dole abubuwa. inherently numfashin da su ne sosai kama. Ya kunshi jerin jere canje na carbohydrates, lipids, kuma amino acid, wanda ke faruwa a sakamakon sabon abubuwa: carbon dioxide da kuma ruwa. A mafi muhimmanci na aiwatar ne, don samar da makamashi, wanda aka adana ta cell a cikin nau'i na ATP da sauran mahadi.

Tare da sa hannu na oxygen

mutum cell tafarkan rayuwa, kazalika da yawa wasu kwayoyin, sun gane ba tare da aerobic numfasawa. Babban abu dole ga shi shi ne oxygen. Da kwato bukata sosai-da makamashi, kazalika da samuwar sabuwar abubuwa faruwa a sakamakon hadawan abu da iskar shaka.

numfashi tsari ne zuwa kashi biyu, saukarwa:

• glycolysis.

• oxygen mataki.

Glycolysis - tsagawa na glucose a cikin cytoplasm na cell da mataki na enzymes ba tare da oxygen. Yana da wani jerin goma sha m halayen. A sakamakon daya kwayoyin na glucose suna kafa biyu kwayoyin na ATP. A lalata kayayyakin a lokaci guda fada cikin mitochondria inda oxygen mataki fara. A sakamakon dama halayen nuna carbon dioxide, ƙarin ATP kwayoyin da hydrogen atoms. A general, Kwayoyin suna samu daga rai guda kwayoyin na glucose 38 ATP kwayoyin. Shi ne saboda manyan adadin adana makamashi aerobic numfasawa kuma an dauki fi dacewa.

anaerobic numfasawa

Domin kwayoyin peculiar zuwa wani irin numfashi. Su yi amfani da oxygen maimakon sulfates, nitrates, da sauransu. Wannan irin numfashi kasa tasiri, duk da haka, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar kwayoyin halitta a yanayi. Saboda anaerobic kwayoyin kwashe biogeochemical sulfur sake zagayowar, nitrogen da sodium. A general, matakai ne kama da oxygen numfashi. Bayan ƙulli daga glycolysis kafa abubuwa shiga cikin fermentation dauki, sakamakon wanda yana iya zama ethyl barasa ko lactic acid.

irritability

A cell ne kullum hulda da yanayi. Mayar da martani ga tasirin daban-daban waje dalilai kira irritability. An bayyana a cikin sel a mika mulki a jihar da kuma fitowan na excitable halayen. Irin mayar da martani ga waje tasiri dabam dangane da aikin halaye. Muscle Kwayoyin amsa ƙanƙancewa, gland shine yake Kwayoyin - saki wani asiri, da kuma neurons - jijiya turu tsara. Wannan irritability underlies yawa physiological tafiyar matakai. Godiya ga shi, misali, za'ayi m iko neurons iya aika da ba kawai da zumudi na wannan Kwayoyin, amma kuma abubuwa na sauran kyallen takarda.

division

Saboda haka, akwai wani cyclic kewaye. Kwayoyin m matakai a cikinta ake maimaita cikin dukan zamanin da Interphase kuma ƙarasa ko dai cell mutuwa ko ta division. Kai-haifuwa ne key zuwa adana rayuwa a matsayin dukan bayan bacewar wani musamman kwayoyin. A lokacin da girma da sel ya wuce assimilation dissimilation, da adadin da aka girma da sauri fiye da surface. A sakamakon haka, tantanin halitta rayuwa tafiyar matakai an ragae saukar, fara babban canji, a karshen wanda Kwayoyin zama mai yiwuwa ba ne, shi ke da rabo. sabon Kwayoyin tare da ƙara iya aiki da kuma metabolism aka kafa a karshen kan aiwatar.

Ba shi yiwuwa a gaya wanda Kwayoyin suna tafiyar matakai na rayuwa su ne mafi muhimmanci. Su ne duk m da kuma masu ma'ana a cikin kadaici daga juna. Slim kuma streamlined aiki inji wadda ta wanzu a cikin cell, sake tuna min da hikima da kuma girma da yanayi.