Ãyõyin kawo tare da namomin kaza daga dabbobi. Materials for cikin darasi

An sani cewa na dogon lokaci, masana kimiyya sun dangana fungi zuwa shuke-shuke. Duk da haka, ƙoƙarin ware su daga ƙananan jinsunan Flora an sanya ta Carl Linnaeus, suka bayyana shakku game da wannan rarrabuwa a cikin "System of Nature", biya da hankali ga alamu, kawo tare da namomin kaza daga dabbobi. Amma kawai a cikin 70-80s na karshe karni, wannan rabo daga karshe ya faru. Wadannan halittu yanayi saboda da tsarin da kuma halaye akwai ãyõyi na kawo tare da namomin kaza tare da dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke a wannan lokaci (wajen magana, sun kasance su biyu). Ka yi la'akari da wasu daga cikinsu.

The kama da tsire-tsire

Me ne masana kimiyya haka dogon zuwa bi da wadannan kwayoyin zuwa shuke-shuke, domin akwai ãyõyi bayyanannu da kawo tare da namomin kaza daga dabbobi? Kuma shi ya faru saboda suna da takamaiman Properties cewa ba da damar gudanar da wani da su zuwa ga shuka mulki :

• Su ne, misali, ba zai iya matsawa da kansa, kusan dukan wakilan na dabba duniya. Ko da yake ba quite kamar yadda (boye mycelium, yada, samun sabon substrate sarari, amma wannan yunkuri za a iya dangana ga m girma).
• Ba zato ba tsammani, namomin kaza, kazalika da shuke-shuke girma cikin ransa. Ba kamar dabbobi, wanda girma zuwa wasu size da kuma daina girma. Saboda haka cewa a cikin wannan kama na fungi da dabbobi akwai.
• Mutane da yawa fungi haifa ta hanyar spores. Shlyapochnye, misali, suna iya samar da har zuwa dama dubun biliyoyin shawarwari ga rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, wadannan muhawara ne mafi yawa kashe. Amma idan ka fada a cikin wani m yanayi, da haifuwa ne da za'ayi. Har ila yau, ya zo da spore shuke-shuke. Kuma da namomin kaza ne iya haifa ta hanyar rarraba da mycelium, wani lokacin ma fiye na da Kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne isa ya fara samar da sabon mycelium, iya bada rai ga sabon ya'yan jikinsu, rigingimu da, Saboda haka, to yankakkiyar albarka.
• Ci namomin kaza yafi by sha. Kuma shi ma ya kawo su kusa da shuke-shuke.

Bambance-bambance a asalin fungi da kuma shuke-shuke

Amma masana kimiyya sun halin da ake saukar da cewa fungi da kuma shuke-shuke Kwatsam daga daban-daban juyin rassan - mafi tsufa kungiyar na microscopic kwayoyin da cewa ya rayu sau daya a cikin tekuna. Saboda haka, su ne har yanzu daban-daban da kuma evolutionarily da genetically.

A salon salula matakin

Shuka Kwayoyin, dabbobi, da kuma fungi ne daban-daban a cikin tsarin. A fungi babu wani ikon photosynthesize, bã su da wani chlorophyll a cikin Kwayoyin kamar yadda a cikin shuke-shuke. Amma a matsayin wani ɓangare na su Kwayoyin ba chitin, wanda shi ne halayyar ga wakilan wasu dabbobi (misali arthropod, a cikin abin da ya - wani muhimmin kashi na samar da wani harsashi ko waje kwarangwal). Wannan, ba shakka, ya zo da namomin kaza tare da dabbobi.

metabolism

Namomin kaza ne m, kamar dabbobi, to store glycogen (carbohydrates). Su kuma iya janye karshen kayayyakin da metabolism daga jiki. Yana kuma da ke sa su yi kama da fauna.

wadata hanyoyin

Namomin kaza ba haduwa kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan heterotrophs, cewa shi ne ya cinye su a cikin nau'i na riga shirya, a akasin haka, to amfani inorganic mahadi amfani da enzymes cewa su iya sarrafa (saprophytic fungi). Wannan yana nuna alamun kawo tare da namomin kaza daga cikin dabbobin da cewa cinye kwayoyin abinci. Fungi symbionts rayuwa a kudi na kusa da hadin gwiwa da Derevyeva (wani lokacin wuya a gane wanda shi ne wanda a cikin Maze of mycelium da kuma kananan gashi tushen).

Akwai fungi cewa parasitize wasu kwayoyin - shuke-shuke da dabbobi da cewa ciyar a kan sabõda su, kuma wani lokacin har da kashe ta rundunar. A wannan yanayin, da naman gwari (misali, tinder) ne na dogon lokaci zuwa rayuwa, kuma a matattu itace, fadada ta kwayoyin tsokoki da kuma yin amfani da su bã su abinci. Akwai ma namomin kaza da yara. Suka ciyar a kan dabbobi: amoebas kuma nematodes, kamawa su tare da m surface a kan ta hyphae. Halayyar fungi da cewa a cikin tsari na metabolism tsirar urea, kamar yadda a cikin dabbobin da yawa.

sakamakon

Summing up, zamu iya cewa da fungi - musamman a fagen yanayi, kunsha na wani iyaka yawan jinsin: daga babban blewits zuwa ga mafi karami kyawon tsayuwa da yeasts, ba ko da yaushe a bayyane ba m microscope view. Dukan su - zuriyar tsoho eukaryotic kwayoyin da suke zaune a wani lokaci a cikin ruwa muhallin biliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce.

Wasu Properties yi tarayya a fungi da shuke-shuke (ainihin kuma Muka fĩfĩta su tunanin da yawa malaman har zuwa karshen karni na ashirin da). Wannan rashin ambulation, da kuma ci gaban cikin rayuwar duniya, kuma tsotsa iko. A namun dajin da su kawo heterotrophic abinci mai gina jiki, kazalika gaban chitin a cikin cell membranes, da ikon don adana carbohydrate, urea samuwar kuma ta kawar da aiwatar da metabolism. Duk wannan ya sa da namomin kaza a lokaci guda irin wannan da kuma a kan shuke-shuke da dabbobi.