Reaction: misalai da dabara

musayar dauki, canzawa, mahadi bazuwar aka tattauna a cikin shakka manhaja. Mun bincika halaye na kowane irin halin yanzu misalai interactions.

A definition

Menene dauki na fili, misalai na wanda ake a makarantun ne dauke da mataki na farko na horo? Don fara, mun lura cewa da kalmar "sinadaran dauki" a cikin sunadarai ne dauke da biyu mafi muhimmanci.

A cikin duniya, dangane dauki daukan sanya kowane minti daya, wanda lissafai kasance saba mana, amma mu na su ba su ma tunanin.

Alal misali, shirye-shiryen da carbonated abubuwan sha, konewa na makãmashi - hankula misalai na fili halayen.

Wannan tsari ya shafi samun kayayyakin da wasu ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na fara sunadarai.

Ãyõyin sinadaran halayen

Duk wani tsari, ciki har da sinadaran dauki na fili tare da wasu alamun:

• watsi da haske ko kadan.
• canza a cikin launi daga cikin bayani;
• selection na wani gaseous abu.
• bayyanar peculiar wari.
• rushe ko hazo.

Reaction Yanayi

Dangane da halaye na gwajin kwari da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na sinadaran mahadi na dauki iya ci gaba a yanayi daban-daban.

Alal misali, hulda irin 2CA + O ₂ = 2CaO (quicklime) Saide ba tare da dumama, bi da saki da wani gwaji adadin zafi makamashi.

Yadda za a dauki bangaren connection? Lissafai irin matakai unsa rubutu hagu na fara kayan, da kuma gefen dama da aka hada na dauki samfurin.

4Na + O ₂ = 2Na ₂ Ya

Irin wannan matakai ne muhimmi ga kwayoyin abubuwa. Saboda haka, ingantaccen martani ga unsaturation (gaban mahara shaidu) ne farawa abu na hadawan abu da iskar shaka dauki na potassium permanganate.

Konewa na itace

Wannan tsari faruwa bisa ga lissafi:

C + O ₂ = CO ₂

Wannan shi ne wani hali dauki na fili, misalai na waɗanda aka riga aka ba a sama. Mene ne jigon wannan tsari? By maida martani da itace da oxygen a cikin iska, da samuwar carbon dioxide kwayoyin. A tsari ne tare da samuwar sabuwar kwayoyin na hadaddun sadarwa dangane shi ne wani exothermic dauki.

Iya dangane tsakanin hadaddun abubuwa amsa? Misalai na hulda da sauki abubuwa da aka tattauna a sama, amma irin wannan halayyar hadaddun abubuwa. A hankula embodiment wannan hulda za a iya daukarsa a matsayin slaking dauki.

Cao + _H2O = Ca (OH) ₂

Wannan tsari ne da kuma tare da wani gagarumin adadin thermal makamashi. Daga cikin takamaiman siffofin da wannan tsari, za mu lura da spontaneity.

rarrabuwa

Bisa ga abun da ke ciki na fara kayan da kuma dauki kayayyakin mahadi saki dauki, bazuwar, canzawa musayar. Ka yi la'akari da misalai daga gare ta, tare da definition irin wannan tafiyar matakai.

Canzawa daga - mai maye kashi kwayoyin halitta sauki abu hadaddun fili.

Connection - wani tsari na hada da dama sauki ko hadaddun abubuwa a cikin daya more hadaddun. Misalan wadannan matakai za su iya haifar da daga inorganic da kwayoyin sunadarai.

2h ₂ + O 2 = 2h ₂ Ya

Wannan tsari na faruwa a tare da sakin wani gwaji adadin zafi, don haka fashewa mai yiwuwa ne.

C ₂ H ₄ + H ₂ = C ₂ H ₆

A wucewa ethylene ta hanyar da hydrogen, akwai wani katsewa na biyu bond, da samuwar iyaka (cikakken) hydrocarbon.

Bazuwar - su ne waɗanda sunadarai halayen da samar da karin abubuwa da ciwon da sauki ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na wani hadadden fili.

Halayen ion musayar kuma - Waɗannan su ne matakai da ke faruwa hadaddun tsakanin abubuwa da haifar da musayar bijiro da batun kafa sassa.

Akwai uku da kwarara yanayi na tsari: gas juyin halitta, hazo, samuwar malodissotsiiruemogo abu.

Wannan dauki ake kira esterification, a matsayin karshe dauki samfurin ne ester. Tsari yanayi a gaba shugabanci shi ne gabatarwar a cikin dauki cakuda mayar da hankali sulfuric acid.

Da rabo daga cikin Jihar tari na hulda da abubuwa

Duk da sunadarai matakai suna classified a kan-akai a kan yi kama da iri-irin interoperability. A cikin tsohon harka ta fara kayan da dauki kayayyakin ne a Jihar tari, da kuma yarda da iri-irin nau'in daban-daban yanayin.

Alal misali, kama tsari zai zama da wadannan dauki:

H ₂ (g) + CL ₂ (g) = 2HCl (gas)

Kamar yadda iri-irin dauki iya la'akari da wadannan labari:

Cao (tv) + H ₂ Ya (g) = Ca (OH) _{2 (AQ)}

Daga cikin canji a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar

Reaction of a fili wanda dabara da aka bai sama (ruwa samuwar daga sauki abubuwa) ne a redox tsari. Jigon da aiwatar ta'allaka ne da cewa akwai yarda da dawowar electrons.

Daga cikin mahadi daga cikin halayen akwai kuma matakai da ake ba tare da wani canji a hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar, Ina nufin ba OVR:

Cao + _H2O = Ca (OH) ₂

By da yanayin da ya kwarara

Dangane da ko da tsari zai iya ci gaba a cikin gaba shugabanci ko da dauki faruwa a gaban shugabanci, a cikin sunadarai ware babu ja da reversible hulda.

Alal misali, ingantaccen dauki a kan hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi ne babu ja, tun da shi kaiwa ga samuwar na insoluble ko gaseous abu. Wani misali na irin wannan dauki da hulda ingancin da "azurfa madubi", wanda yake shi ne ingantaccen Hanyar kayyade a cakuda aldehydes.

Ƙarin abar embodiments na reversible halayen wanda zai iya ci gaba a biyu yardatayya gaban kwatance, ka lura da esterification dauki:

CO ₂ + H ₂ Ya = H ₂ CO ₃

A kan yin amfani da wani mai kara kuzari

A wasu lokuta, an totur (mai kara kuzari) ya kamata a yi amfani da tsari je tsarin sunadarai. An misali ne hulda da catalytic bazuwar aiwatar da hydrogen peroxide.

Features parsing OVR

Daga cikin batutuwan da cewa mafi sau da yawa kai ga matsaloli a makaranta yara ne jeri na coefficients a dauki amfani da wani lantarki balance Hanyar. Don fara da, akwai wasu sharudda bisa ga abin da za mu iya sanin ko da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a cikin mutum abubuwa a kowane abu.

Ko da kuwa ko sauki ko hadaddun abu da za a bi, da adadin shi zai zama sifili.

A mataki na gaba shi ne don zaɓar mutum sinadaran abubuwa ko abubuwa da suka canza darajar da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Suna sallami dabam, da nuna alamu "da" ko "debe" da yawan samu ko da sadaka electrons.

Tsakanin wadannan Figures ne mafi karami, yawan, wanda a lokacin da raba da yawan electrons samu, da kuma simintin za a shirya integers.

Wadannan lambobi ne stereochemical coefficients, shirya a lissafi samarwa tsari. An muhimmanci mataki a cikin parsing da redox dauki an kayyade wani oxidant da reductant, da kuma rikodi na tafiyar matakai. Kamar yadda rage wakili ne a zabi wadanda kwayoyin halitta ko ions, wanda a cikin shakka daga ta hulda ƙãra mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka, da oxidant, da bambanci, rage daga cikin halayyar siga.

Shawara ya aikata wannan algorithm, wasu canje-canje Organic Chemistry? Reaction of a fili canzawa bazuwar kwarara canza hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohi, aka dauke a kama algorithm.

Akwai wasu siffofin a cikin tsari na digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi, amma su ware Naira Miliyan Xari dole ne ya kasance sifili.

Ya danganta da yadda shi ya musanya hadawan abu da iskar shaka, gane da dama iri sinadaran halayen:

• disproportionation - saboda wani canji a hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohin wanda kuma wannan kashi a cikin manya da ƙananan gefe.
• kontrproportsionirovanie - ya shafi maida martani da rage wakili da oxidizing wakili, a cikin abin da abun da ke ciki guda da rabi, amma a daban-daban hadawan abu da iskar shaka matakan.

ƙarshe

A matsayin karamin ƙarshe, za mu lura cewa hulda da abubuwa da juna faruwa su canza, rikirkida. A sinadaran dauki ne da hira da daya ko fiye reactants to kayayyakin da ciwon daban-daban ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa abun da ke ciki.

Idan nukiliya rikirkida lura canji a cikin abun da ke ciki na atomic nuclei, a cikin hali na sinadaran halayen cewa ba kawai akwai wani redistribution na nuclei da electrons, abu don bayyanar da sabon mahadi.

The matakai iya raka ta saki na haske, zafi, abin da ya faru na wari, hazo, samuwar gaseous abubuwa.

Akwai da yawa zaɓuɓɓuka saboda rarrabuwa na Organic da inorganic interactions a kan daban-daban filaye. Daga cikin mafi kowa ga wannan canji za a iya ambata hadawan abu da iskar shaka, tari jihar, da reversibility na kwarara, ginshikai na da tsari, da yin amfani da mai kara kuzari (hanawa).

Chemical halayen su ne tushen ba kawai na masana'antu samar, amma kuma kafuwar rayuwa. Ba tare da tafiyar matakai na rayuwa da ya faru a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta wanda kuma wanzuwarsa ba zai yiwu ba.