Ciki tsarin kwado. Features rana tsarin

Rana - hankula wakilin halittar dabba mai kafafuwa. Wani misali na wannan dabba iya karatu da halaye na dukan ajin. Wannan labarin da cikakken kwatanci na ciki tsarin da rana.

jiki abũbuwan rufi

Marsh rana zaune a cikin ruwa jikin da su bankuna. Shi yana da sauki waje tsarin - wani m lebur kai, wanda fades a takaice jiki, rage wutsiya, short forelimbs da hudu yatsunsu da kuma mika baya - da biyar. Yana zai taimaka wajen fahimtar ciki tsarin rana zane nuna kwarangwal da kuma manyan sashin jiki tsarin.

Da farko, za mu duba fata na dabba. rana ta jiki da aka rufe da santsi danda fata tare da yalwa da kwayar gland cewa asirce gamsai. Wannan asiri lubricates fata, taimakawa ga riƙe ruwa, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar gas musayar. Bugu da kari, shi kare da cutarwa kwayoyin.

Bakin ciki da kuma m rana fata ba kawai kare da kuma tsinkayen waje samuwar kasashe, amma kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gas musayar. Bugu da ari, rana garwaya da ruwa kawai ta hanyar fata. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ya zama dole mafi yawan lokaci shi ne a cikin danshi ko ruwa.

kwarangwal

Kwado tsarin kwarangwal yana da siffofin dangane da karbuwa ga ƙungiyoyi na Hock. Ya kunshi kwanyar, kashin baya, kuma wata gabar jiki da kuma kwarangwal zones. Kwanyar mĩƙe, m. A balagagge dabbobi shi ceton babban adadin guringuntsi nama cewa unites frogs Crossopterygii kifi.

Short kashin baya ne wakilta hudu ƙungiyoyin: akwati, sacral, wuyansa da wutsiya. Mahaifa kashin baya kunshi daya kawai zobe-dimbin yawa vertebra, amma godiya ta zuwa ga motsi rana zai iya karkatar da kai.

Akwati yankin hada da bakwai vertebrae. Karankarman ƙirji na dabba ba. Sacral kashi ne ma wakilta guda vertebra, shiga kafafuwa. Karshe, da raya raba wakilta dogon kashi urostyle wanda aka kafa daga 12 Fused vertebrae.

Tsarin rana kwarangwal ban sha'awa saboda da peculiarities na kafa na wata gabar jiki, wanda connect da bel extremities kwarangwal kashin baya. forelimbs bel hada da sternum, biyu ruwan wukake, biyu zakara, da kuma biyu, ƙashi na daga cikin clavicle kanta forelimb kunshi kafada, hannu da dantse, kuma hannun da hudu yatsunsu (ta biyar yatsa ne a cikin jariri).

Hind reshe abin ɗamara saboda manyan kaya ne mafi m fiye da kafada. Ya wakilce Fused pelvic ƙasũsuwa. hindlimb kwarangwal hada a membobinsu da cinya, shin da kuma kafa tare da biyar yatsun kafa. A tsawon Hind kafafu biyu zuwa sau uku fiye da da gaba.

muscularity

Kwado tsokoki za a iya raba segmented tsokoki na akwati da kuma wata gabar jiki, jiki tsokoki ne metameric tsarin (kama da tsokoki na kifi). Tsokoki na Hind wata gabar jiki da kuma jaws ne musamman da kyau ci gaba.

alimentary tsarin

Features rana tsarin fili bayyane a kan misali na tsarin ta narkewa kamar tsarin. All kayan ciki na amphibian samu a cikin coelomic kogo. Wannan irin wata jakar wadda shãmakunta an hada da epithelial Kwayoyin. Ciki da rami ya ƙunshi karamin adadin ruwa. Mafi yawa daga cikin jaka dauka narkewa kamar gabobin.

Tsarin narkewa kamar fara oropharyngeal kogo. A da kasa a haɗe harshen cewa yana amfani da kwado zuwa kama da kwari. Saboda da sabon abu tsarin shi ne iya zama mãsu fita a high gudun daga cikin bakin da bin wani wanda aka azabtar.

Palatine kasũsuwa, ashe, kazalika da manya da ƙananan muƙamuƙi hakora kananan halittar dabba mai kafafuwa ne conical a siffar. Kuma sunã bautã wa ba ga daukan taban, amma a sama da dukan don ci gaba da samar a cikin bakinka. Wannan shi ne wani kama da amphibious kifi. A asirce, secreted da salivary gland, moisturizes da oropharyngeal kogo da kuma abinci. Wannan facilitates ta ingestion. Narkewa kamar enzymes rana yau ba ya dauke da.

Frogs narkewa kamar fili fara pharynx. Wannan ne ya bi da esophagus, sa'an nan - ciki. Baya da ciki ne duodenum, da sauran hanji da aka aza a madaukai. Ƙare hanji cloaca. Frogs ci da kuma narkewa kamar gland - hanta da kuma pancreas.

Kama da taimakon harshe samar ne a cikin oropharynx, sa'an nan ta cikin makogwaro a cikin esophagus shiga ciki. Sel located a ganuwar da ciki, hydrochloric acid da kuma ware ta pepsin da inganta narkewa. Bugu da ari semidigested nauyi ya kamata a duodenum, wanda kuma zuba pancreas fake da gudana hanta bile bututu.

A hankali da duodenum wuce a cikin kananan hanji, inda duk na gina jiki suna tunawa. Ragaggen abinci da ake ba narkewar, fada cikin karshen hanji - takaice da kuma fadi da dubura, kawo karshen cesspool.

A ciki tsarin da kwãɗi, da larvae ne daban-daban. Manya ne da yara da kuma ciyar da yafi a kan kwari, amma tadpoles - sosai real herbivores. A kan su jaws shirya Kakakin farantin da abin da larvae aka kankare tare da kananan algae rayuwa a cikin wadannan unicellular kwayoyin.

numfashi tsarin

Ban sha'awa fasali na ciki tsarin da rana touch, da numfashi. Gaskiyar ita ce, tare da hasken, da wata babbar rawa a cikin aiwatar da gas musayar taka capillary ƙara amphibian fata. Huhu an sa su guda biyu na bakin ciki-walled bags raga ciki surface da wani Babbar cibiyar sadarwar jini.

Kamar yadda rana numfasawa? Amphibian amfani bawuloli iya bude da kuma rufe da kafafen hancinsa da kasa motsi oropharynx. Domin sha taba, da kafafen hancinsa aka buɗe, da kuma kasa oropharyngeal kogo aka saukar da, da kuma iska ne a bakin kwado. Saboda haka sai ya tafi zuwa ga huhu, kafafen hancinsa rufe, da kuma kasa daga cikin oropharynx da yistin. A exhalation aka yi ta hanyar huhu fall kashe ganuwar da ƙungiyoyi na ciki tsokoki.

A cikin maza, da glottis aka kewaye da musamman arytenoid cartilages, wanda ƙunci vocal igiyoyinsu. High girma da aka bayar da murya bags, wanda aka kafa ta mucosa na oropharynx.

excretory tsarin

Ciki tsarin kwado, ko kuma wajen, ta excretory tsarin, shi ne kuma mai ban sha'awa, domin sharar gida kayayyakin da halittar dabba mai kafafuwa na iya zama fitarwa ta hanyar huhu da kuma fata. Amma duk da haka mafi yawansu suna excreted da kodan, wanda aka located a sacral vertebra. Sami buds ne oblong jiki, m da baya. Wadannan hukumomin da musamman glomeruli ne iya tace jini rashin lafiya kayayyakin.

Fitsari fitarwa na ureters a cikin mafitsara, inda shi ke adana. Bayan ciko, mafitsara tsoka a ciki surface cloaca rage da kuma ruwa da aka sallami zahiri ta cikin cloaca.

jijiyoyi

A ciki tsarin da rana ne mafi hadaddun fiye da a kifi. A zuciya na fara tasawa rana, uku-daki, kunsha na biyu atria da ventricle. Saboda guda na ramin zuciya jijiya da kuma venous jini da aka partially gauraye, biyu dabam dabam da aka ba gaba daya rabu. Infundibulum ciwon tsaye helical bawul motsa daga ventricle da gudamawar da gauraye jijiya jini da kuma a cikin daban-daban tasoshin.

The dama atrium ke faruwa gauraye da jini: venous zo daga ciki gabobin, kuma jijiya - daga fata. A hagu atrium daga cikin huhu shiga cikin jijiya da jini.

Rage atria lokaci guda, da kuma jini na biyu hits a guda ventricle. Saboda tsarin da a tsaye bawul jijiya jini gudana zuwa ga gabobin da kai, kuma kwakwalwa, gauraye - da gabobin da kuma sassa na jiki, da kuma venous - to fata da kuma huhu. Makaranta na iya zama da wuya a gane ciki tsarin da rana. Tuki amphibian jijiyoyi taimaka ganin yadda wurare dabam dabam aiki.

Sistem sakulasan ne sistem na tadpoles yana daya kawai wurare dabam dabam, daya atrium da daya ventricle, kamar kifi.

A tsarin da kwãɗi, da jini na mutum ne daban-daban. Kwado ja jini Kwayoyin da tsakiya, wani m siffar, da wani mutum - a biconcave siffar, da zuciyar da ya bace.

endocrine tsarin

A endocrine tsarin hada frogs thyroid, haihuwa da kuma pancreas, adrenal kuma pituitary gland. A thyroid gland shine yake samar hormones zama dole domin cikar metamorphosis da kuma kula da metabolism, jima'i gland ne alhakin haifuwa. A pancreas ne da hannu a cikin narkewa abinci, da adrenal gland taimaka tsara metabolism. A pituitary gland shine yake samar da wani yawan hormones cewa tasiri cikin ci gaba, ci gaba da kuma launi na dabba.

juyayi tsarin

A juyayi tsarin na rana ne halin a low matakin na ci gaba, shi ne irin wannan a cikin halaye da juyayi tsarin kifi, amma yana da mafi m fasali. Kwakwalwa ne zuwa kashi 5 sassan: tsaka-tsaki, matsakaici, gaban, medulla da cerebellum. A forebrain ne da suka ci gaba da ne zuwa kashi biyu hemispheres, kowanne daga abin yana da wani kaikaice ventricle - musamman kogo.

A dangane da monotonous ƙungiyoyi da kuma a general rashin motsa jiki, da cerebellum ne kananan. Medulla ya fi girma. Duk da rana kwakwalwa daga goma nau'i-nau'i daga jijiyoyi.

hankula

Muhimmanci canje-canje a cikin halittar dabba mai kafafuwa hankula hade da fitarwa daga mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici a kan sandararriyar ƙasa. Su riga wuya fiye da kifi, kamar yadda ya kamata taimaka wa kewaya da kuma a cikin ruwa da kuma a kan ƙasar. A tadpoles ɓullo da a kaikaice line gabobin.

A boye Layer na epidermis zafi, tactile da kuma yawan zafin jiki rabe. Papillae a kan harshe, sama da jaws na aiki na gabobin na iyawa. olfactory gabobin kunshi guda biyu olfactory bags wanda aka buɗe lokacin da matsanancin da ciki kafafen hancinsa a cikin muhalli da kuma oropharyngeal rami, bi da bi. A cikin ruwa, da kafafen hancinsa rufe, ƙanshi a jikin kada ku yi.

Kamar yadda ji ɓullo da tsakiyar kunne a cikin abin da naúrar ta fadada da sauti vibrations ta cikin eardrum.

rana ta ido tsarin wuya, domin shi ne wajibi a ga karkashin ruwa da kuma a kan ƙasar. Kare idanu daga manya m eyelids da kuma nictitating membrane. A tadpoles karni can. A cornea ne ido rana convex ruwan tabarau - lenticular. Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa ganin nisa isa kuma suna da launi hangen nesa.