Malus dokar, refraction na haskoki haske polarizers

1809, da makamantansu ya kawo game da wani canji a duniyar kimiyya al'umma. An m daga Faransa ta E. Malus gano wata sabuwar hanya ta haske rabuwa. Ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen, ya bazata kusantar da hankali ga cewa idan crystal aka juya su a kusa da katako nuna daga cikin ƙarau, hasken tsanani iya lokaci-lokaci duka biyu karuwa kuma yana raguwa. Amma duk da haske ba ya fita, amma kawai intensifies ko raunana ba, amma kawai a wani wuri mai crystal. Tallafi da aka kira "dokar Malus," an gane a cikin kimiyya al'umma.

Daga kimiyyar lissafi da muka sani cewa haske za a iya tuba zuwa ga jirgin-polarized masaƙa. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da yin amfani da musamman na'urorin, wanda zai iya wuce kawai wani shugabanci hawa da sauka. Wani misali na wannan iya located layi daya da jirgin saman na oscillation, haske transmissive da kuma zubar perpendicularly da bata lokaci bambancin. Kamar yadda polarizer amfani anisotropic kafofin watsa labarai tare da girmamawa ga vibration vector, kamar lu'ulu'u. Mafi shahara da na halitta asalin ne Tourmaline. Shĩ ne da karfi isa ya sha haske haskoki cewa ta lantarki vector perpendicular zuwa na gani axis, wanda kuma haka a matsayin ƙarshe Malus dokar. Amma da haske a cikin wanda shi ne a layi daya, kusan ba tunawa. Wannan ya bayyana cewa halitta haske ya wuce ta crystal farantin tunawa kawai rabin kuma linearly polarized da ta lantarki vector layi daya shirya Tourmaline gani axis.

More dace don rike crystal yana daidai da wannan Properties matsayin polaroid. Ya kunshi artificially tattalin colloidal fina-finai, wanda suke zama dole domin ya sami polarized haske. Kamar yadda a cikin Tourmaline, da aiki da ka'ida ta dogara ne a kan wani guda guntu, wanda garwaya da haske perpendicular zuwa vibration shugabanci. Kuma wannan sabon abu ne ba da aka bayyana a cikin dokar Malus. La'akari da wani misali.

Amma lokacin da rabuwa da haske haskoki faruwa a lokacin da refraction da kuma tunani a cikin dubawa tare da wani isotropic dielectric - shi ne dokar Malus. Ya gyara 'yan jiki mamaki hade da lantarki vibrations haske.

Amma dokar na Malus, a ƙarshe wanda aka tsara a sama, ba ya da'awar cewa wannan wata hanya da rabuwa da babban kuma kawai. Akwai wasu.

Duk wani na'ura da cewa da ake amfani da iyakacin duniya haskoki da haske da aka kira wani polarizer. Amma an yi karatu da kuma bincika amfani da analyzer.

Alal misali, akwai biyu lu'ulu'u, wanda aka shirya daya bayan da wasu haka cewa gatura samar da wani kwana. A farko kuskure haske wanda lantarki vector ne directed layi daya zuwa ta axis. A bangaren na katako tsanani za a jinkirta biyu crystal. Kuma bayan biyu polaroid shi zai zama iri ɗaya tsawon na lantarki vectors. A wasu kalmomin, da rabo daga wadannan intensities ne na gwargwado ga square na mawadãta.

Yana bi da haka cewa haske wucewa ta cikin analyzer, ta ikon ne ikon da katako, en hanya ta cikin polarizer yawaita da cosine na kwana tsakanin su a cikin square. Wannan rabo ne mai sabon abu da ya bayyana dokar Malus.

Wannan na iya kuma sun hada da biyu refraction haske haskoki, wanda yake shi ne asali dukiya a lokacin da wucewa ta hanyar da lu'ulu'u. Wannan bayani da siffofin da suke ba a cikin yanayi anizatropa da yaduwa na haske. Alal misali, aika wani crystal spar kunkuntar haske katako, tun shige ta da shi, za a raba biyu bim da suke a layi daya da juna. Wannan zai faru a wani hali, ko da idan haske ne da ya faru a kan crystal a cikin al'ada matsayi. Daya daga cikin su ne ya kira kowa da shi ne a ci gaba da firamare katako, da kuma na biyu - m saboda shi yana da dukiya karkacewa.