Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Brief biography Butlerova PM

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, a takaice biography wadda ake samu a kusan dukkan litattafan da sunadarai - sanannen Rasha sunadarai, wanda ya kafa kimiyya makaranta kwayoyin sunadarai, wanda ya kafa ka'idar tsarin gudanar da mahadi, annabta da kuma bayyana isomerism manyan yawan gudanar da mahadi da kuma hada wasu daga cikinsu (methenamine, formaldehyde polymer da kuma PR.). Har ila yau, Alexander, wanda taimako ga kimiyya yaba D. I. Mendeleev, rubuta ayyuka a beekeeping da kuma aikin noma.

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich: a takaice biography

A nan gaba masanin kimiyyar da aka haife Satumba 15, 1828 a cikin iyali na tsohon soja, a lokacin, da mai masauki. Mahaifinsa Mikhail aka hannu a cikin 1812 yaki, da kuma bayan da murabus daga iyalin rayu a cikin kakanninmu kauyen Butlerovka. Inna, Sophia Alexandrovna, ya rasu yana da shekaru 19, nan da nan bayan haihuwa. Da yara ciyar a Butlerovke Alexander da kakan ta estate - kauyen Podlesnaya Shantala, inda goggonninka da 'a da ilimi. A shekaru 10 da haihuwa Yaron da aka aiko zuwa mai zaman kansa shiga makaranta, inda ya ƙware Faransa da kuma Jamus. A 1842, bayan wani mummunan wuta a Kazan, hukumar aka rufe, kuma Sasha canjawa wuri zuwa ga 1 st Kazan dakin motsa jiki. tattara kwari da shuke-shuke, karfi da sha'awar a cikin sunadarai da za'ayi ta farko da gwaje-gwajen a wadannan makarantu Butlerov. A sakamakon daya daga cikinsu ya fashewa, da kuma azãba sabõda abin da ya yi wa Alexander - cikar a cikin mai sanyaya da plaque a kan kirji, da "babban sunadarai."

dalibi shekaru

A 1844, Butlerov A. M., wanda biography ne Ribar da soyayya ga sunadarai, ya zama dalibi na jami'ar Kazan, wanda ya sa'an nan da cibiyar da na halitta kimiyya da bincike. A farko, yaron da aka kwashe da ilmin dabbobi da kuma o, amma sai ya nuna sha'awarsa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar laccoci KK Klaus kuma N. N. Zinina watsu sunadarai. A su shawara ga matasa shirya wani gida awon, amma jigo na ubangijinsa, amma watakila saboda Zinin koma St. Petersburg, akwai malam.

Bayan kammala karatu daga jami'a, a 1849 Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, wanda orafin N. I. Lobachevsky kuma K. K. Klaus, ya sadaukar da kansa ga koyarwa da kuma lecturing a jiki labarin kasa, kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. Kuma Alexander Mãdalla da orator, kasancewa iya gaba daya rike da masu sauraro da hankali godiya ga tsabta da kuma rigor. Bugu da kari ga laccoci a jami'a Butlerov lectured fili akwai. Wadannan wasanni Kazan masu sauraro, wani lokacin fi son gaye Theatrical productions. Samu babban digiri a 1851, shekara guda ya auri Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilino - 'yar Sergeya Timofeevicha Aksakova. Ya kare doctoral sabawa rubuce-rubucensu a shekaru 3 a Moscow Jami'ar Jihar a kan jigo "A cikin muhimmanci mai." Bayan da aka zabe shi dan a cikin m Kazan University, 'yan shekaru baya cikakken farfesa a fannin sunadarai. Daga 1860 zuwa 1863 da nufinsa biyu Mukaddashin Rector, da principalship da wani wajen wuya lokaci na tarihi na jami'ar: Curtin jana'izar da kuma bezdna tashin cewa ya shafa dalibai da kuma professorial tsarin.

Tafiya zuwa Turai

Alexander Kingibe a cikin ayyukan da tattalin arziki Society of birnin Kazan, da aka buga articles a kan aikin gona, o, kuma floriculture. Biography Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich yana da uku tafiye-tafiye a kasashen waje, na farko na abin da ya faru a 1857-1858 gg. Rasha masanin kimiyya ziyarci Turai, inda ya kasance a cikin sinadaran masana'antu da kuma gana da manyan sinadaran dakunan gwaje-gwaje. A daya daga cikinsu, a Paris, ya yi aiki domin kusan watanni shida. A lokaci guda Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich saurari da laccoci na shahararren Turai zukatan kamar yadda Becquerel, E. Mitscherlich, J. von Liebig, Bunsen RV, kuma Ya sanya idon sani na Friedrich Agusta Kekule - Jamus sunadarai.

A ya dawo zuwa Kazan Butlerov PM, wanda biography ne ban sha'awa ba kawai a Rasha amma kuma kasashen waje, ya tuba da sinadaran dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuma ci gaba da karatu na methyl fara daga Wurtz. A 1858, masanin kimiyya ya gano wani sabon Hanyar rairaya methyl iodide, da kuma za'ayi a yawan ayyukan alaka da dawo da Kalam. A kira na methylene diacetate ya formaldehyde polymer - saponification samfurin na abu, sakamakon gwaje-gwajen a wanda shi ne hexamethylenetetramine da metileninat. Saboda haka, Butlerov farko total kira samar abun zaki.

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich: takaice game da nasarorin da masanin kimiyyar

A 1861 Butlerov sanya a Speyer, a Congress of Jamus likitoci da masana kimiyya, tare da gabatar da lacca "A da sinadaran tsarin na al'amarin,", wanda dogara ne a kan saba da jihar sunadarai kasashen waje overpowering sha'awa a cikin muhimmai daga sunadarai daga msar tambayar ra'ayi da kansa gwajen samar domin duk kimiyya aiki. Ka'idarsa, wanda ya hada da ra'ayin da ikon da samuwar sarƙoƙi na carbon sunadaran A. Cooper da valence A. Kekule, kamata sinadaran Tsarin kwayoyin, da abin da hanyar da a fili masanin kimiyya gane kwayoyin halitta a tsakãninsu dangane da takamaiman adadin da sinadaran karfin (dangantaka), kowane halayyar zarra.

Muhimmanci al'amurran da ka'idar Butlerov

Rasha masana kimiyya ya gano kusa da dangantaka da tsarin da kuma sinadaran Properties na hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi fiye da iya bayyana isomerism yawa daga gare su, ciki har da uku pentanes, biyu isomeric butanes, daban-daban alcohols. Har ila yau Butlerov ka'idar sanya shi yiwuwa a hango ko hasashen yuwuwar sinadaran magani da kuma bayyana su.

Saboda haka, a cikin ka'idar Aleksandr Mihaylovich Butlerov:

• nuna gazawar wanzu a lokacin da Chemistry theories.
• Ya jaddada overriding muhimmancin da atomic ka'idar.
• tsare sinadaran tsarin kamar yadda rarraba dakarun dangantaka na kwayoyin halitta, inda kwayoyin halitta influencing (kai tsaye ko a kaikaice) da juna, suna da alaka da sinadaran jinsunan.
• 8 tsara dokoki a tsare sinadaran mahadi.
• farko biya da hankali ga bambanci tsakanin reactivities na jũna mahadi, saboda da ƙananan ko mafi girma makamashi da wanda sunadaran suna da alaka, kazalika da m ko total kashe kudi dangantaka raka'a a kafa shaidu.

Kimiyya ci gaba Rasha sunadarai

Biography Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha takaicce aka bayyana a cikin litattafan, tare da kwanakin ransa, kuma cikin mafi girma da nasarori a kimiyya. A lissafi na Rasha masanin kimiyya babbar dama gwaje-gwajen da aka tsara don tabbatar da ka'idar. Scientist, pre-hada, gano a cikin 1864, tsarin manyan butyl barasa a 1866 - isobutane, a 1867 - isobutylene. Har ila yau, koyi da dama tsarin ethylene da carbon samar da Polymerization.

A 1867-1868 gg. Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, a takaice biography wanda shi ne na gaske ban sha'awa na masana kimiyya a duniya, sai aka nada farfesa a fannin sunadarai St. Petersburg University. Gabatar da tawagar wannan ma'aikata, Mendeleev jaddada asali Butlerov koyarwa, ba wani tsawo na wani ta aiki, amma da yake da shi da kaina.

A 1869 Butlerov karshe zauna a St. Petersburg, inda aka zabe shi dan m, sa'an nan talakawa Academician na St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Tsawon rai a St. Petersburg ya sosai aiki: farfesa ya ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen, lafiya kunna ka'idar sinadaran tsarin, su shiga cikin rayuwar al'umma.

Interests a cikin rayuwar wani masanin kimiyyar

A 1873, ya fara nazarin tarihin sunadarai , kuma ya lectured a kan wannan batu. Na rubuta na farko a tarihin kimiyya management, bisa ka'idar sinadaran tsarin - "Gabatarwa zuwa cikakken nazarin kwayoyin sunadarai." Aleksandr Mihaylovich Butlerov ne kafa na makaranta na Rasha chemists, kira in ba haka ba "Butlerov makaranta." A layi daya tare da nazarin sunadarai ne rayayye sha'awar aikin noma. A musamman, yana sha'awar namo shayi a cikin Caucasus, aikin lambu da kuma beekeeping. Ya ƙasida "Yaya don fitar ga ƙudan zuma" da "Bee, ta rayuwa da kuma babban dokokin m kudan" akai-akai bugawa, da kuma mujallar "Rasha beekeeping takardar" kamar yadda aka kafa a 1886.

A 1880-1883 gg. Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich, a takaice biography cewa cike yake da ban sha'awa da kuma muhimmanci binciken for kimiyya, ya shugaban na Rasha Physico-fasaha al'umma. A daidai wannan lokacin, da masanin kimiyyar sosai sha'awar spiritualism, wanda ya hadu da a Aksakov ta Estate a 1854. Daga baya, Rasha sunadarai da dangantaka da matarsa ta dan uwan Aksakovym A. N., da aka buga da Journal of spiritualism "Psychical Research" da kuma hotly kare kafin Allah wadai da sani, da kuma abokai ya so.

Tamanin da ayyukan Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha a cikin sunadarai

Murabus daga Alexander ya bar a 1875, bayan shekaru 25 da sabis. Majalisar St. Petersburg University koma baya sau biyu wannan lokaci na shekaru 5. A karshe lacca Aleksandra Mihaylovicha Butlerova da aka gudanar ranar 14 ga Maris, 1885. Da kiwon lafiya kasa, gurgunta da m kimiyya aikin da zamantakewa: kwatsam Butlerof mutu a Estate na Agusta 5, 1886. Scholar binne shi a kauyen hurumi 'yan qasar Butlerovki, yanzu rusasshiyar, a cikin iyali ɗakin sujada.

Butlerova aiki lokacin da yake rayuwa samu karbuwa a kasashen duniya, ya kimiyya makaranta ne dauke da wani ɓangare daga cikin ci gaban da sunadarai a Rasha, da kuma biography Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha ne na gaske amfani da malamai da dalibai. Alexander kansa sosai m, kuma m mutum da wani m, bude-shiryayye, mai kyau-natured da tausayin hali zuwa dalibai.