Aircraft zanen Igor Sikorsky: biography, ƙirƙirãwa

Yau, Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich embodies da nasara ci gaba da uku da manyan iri na zamani da jirgin sama. A manyan hudu-engine jirgin sama, giant tashi jiragen da kuma multipurpose jirage masu saukar ungulu, wanda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban da jirgin sama, ya bayyana godiya ga baiwa da almara da jirgin sama.

Igor Sikorsky: biography

Aviation majagaba wanda aka haife May 25, 1889, a Kiev, Ukraine (sa'an nan - da Rasha Empire). Mahaifinsa, Ivan, wani likita da kuma farfesa a ilimin halin dan Adam. Uwar ma yana da wani likita mataki, amma yi ya taba aka hannu. Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich kabila daga tunaninsu sa - kakanninsa tun zamanin Bitrus I ne ministan na Rasha Orthodox Church, saboda haka, sun kasance Rasha. Daya daga cikin na farko tunanin shi ne labarin wani uwa kokarin Leonardo Vinci zana jirgin sama. Daga wannan lokacin da mafarki na Flying kama tunaninsa ya, duk da cewa ya akai-akai yi magana game da ba zai yiwu ba a tabbatar da wannan. A karshe, yana da shekaru 12 years, Igor Sikorsky gina wani model saukar ungulu. Aiki a kan makamashi na Twisted roba makada, tsarin ya tashi a cikin iska. Yanzu yaron ya san cewa mafarkin ya ba m almarar.

yin ishãra tafiya

A 'yan shekarun baya, lokacin da Igor da mahaifinsa aka Allaha a Jamus, ya koya na farko airship gabatar da Kanmu da Count von Zeppelin. Ya kuma karanta game da nasara jirgin na Wright da 'yan'uwansa, da kuma aka buga da gaskiyar cewa jaridar da irin wannan babban rabo, a kananan buga a karshe page. A wannan lokacin, Sikorsky ya yanke shawarar ya kebe da ransa jirgin sama. Dalili na musamman da aka samar da na'urar da cewa zai iya Tsayar kan daya batu ko tashi a wani so shugabanci - da helikofta.

Ya nan da nan ya fara gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a cikin wani karamin dakin hotel, da samar da wani na'ura mai juyi da kuma aunawa ta daga. Bayan ya sake Kiev Igor jefa Polytechnic Institute da kuma fara m bincike a kunno kai yankunan kimiyya. Ya kasance ba ko da ashirin, ya yi mai girma babbar sha'awa da kuma da yawa daga ra'ayoyi, amma kadan m kwarewa da kuma kudi.

School of aeronautics

Igor Sikorsky zarar ya tafi zuwa Paris saya da engine da sauran sassa don ya saukar ungulu. Akwai, a cikin gida Airfield, wari da kona Castor man da kuma ajizai irin, mazan model na jirgin sama, kokarin tashi, ya bar wani kafu daram lamba a kan ransa. Ba da da ewa Sikorski shiga sabuwar halitta, sosai na wasa Faransa aeronautics makaranta, duk da haka, m dalibi bai samu duk wata dama don samun a cikin iska. A lokacin da sayen uku-Silinda Anzani engine, sai ya sadu da Louis Bleriot, wanda kuma ya sayi engine domin ta sabon monoplane. A 'yan makonni, wani jarumi Bleriot shiga tarihi na jirgin sama, ya yi ta farko jirgin fadin English Channel. Wannan ya faru a tarihi warai shafa kara raya jirgin sama.

A farko zane

By tsakiyar 1909, Igor Sikorsky ya kammala farko helikofta. Amma, komai nawa ya dual counter-juyawa na'ura mai juyi ta hanyar iska, naúra ba nuna 'yar alamar bege a motsa. Sikorski karshe gina wani biplane kuma a watan Yuni na wannan shekara shi tashe a 'yan mita a cikin iska. Kamar yadda ya i da ɗanɗanar nasara ce ga yadda mutane da yawa kamar goma sha biyu seconds. A cikin wadannan watanni, Igor halitta wasu prototypes sanya su a takaice jirgin kuma sau da yawa m su, wanda ya ba nadiri a farkon kwanaki na jirgin sama. Amma ya yi amfani ne da undamaged sassa an gina kamar haka, ingantattun model. Sikorski aka ba karai ta farko gazawar, domin da yawa koya game da helikofta, kuma ya tabbata cewa idan ba a bi ta jirgin sama, da wanda zai kasance a bãyansa har abada tabbata ga soar.

fitarwa

By farkon spring 1910 zuwa gwada na biyu a jere rotorcraft shi da aka shirya, a kan wanda ya yi aiki tirelessly Sikorski. The saukar ungulu ya zama m kamar yadda mahaliccinsa. Juriya zanen da aka m, amma ya hankali zo ga bakin ciki Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa watakila ya kasance gaba a lokacinsa kuma ya kamata gina wani gargajiya jirgin sama.

Domin shekaru masu yawa, Sikorsky Aircraft ta aiki ba rasa wurin mafarki to gina wani gaske nasara saukar ungulu. Ba da da ewa da ya samu da diploma na wani matukin jirgi na mallaka All-Rasha aeroclub da kuma horar da sojoji a kusa da Kiev ya nuna da C-5. Akwai jirgin sama ya gana Tsar Nicholas II. Next model C-6A karbi mafi lambar yabo a cikin iska show a Moscow. Amma qananan faru, a lokacin da, saboda sauro gidan ya toshe man fetur line, da kuma Sikorsky aka tilasta yin gaggawa saukowa, juya a kira su m.

"Ilya Muromets" - jirgin giant

Wannan lamarin ya jagoranci jirgin sama zuwa da ra'ayin kara AMINCI na jirgin sama da yin amfani da mahara injuna - wani matsanancin da kuma m ra'ayi a lokacin. Sikorski samarwa a gina hudu-engine biplane babbar (ga lokaci) size. A jirgin sama da aka wa lakabi da "Grand". A gaban da jirgin sama wani babban waje baranda. A na ɗaki fasinja daki located bayan da Matuka jirgin.

A May 1913 jirgin sama ya yi ta farko gwajin jirgin. Wannan jirgin ya wata gagarumar sirri gamsuwa, kamar yadda da yawa Sikorski ce cewa da irin wannan babbar jirgin sama ba zai iya tashi. Da bangaskiya a cikin ra'ayoyi, kuma tabbatar da dalilin tsaya ga nasu addinan yabon hundredfold. Tsar Nicholas II zo don duba cikin "Grand" da kuma ga ci gaban da farko hudu-engine jirgin sama jirgin sama zanen ya gabatar da kwarzana agogon. Karfafawa bisa Sikorsky gina wani ko da ya fi girma da jirgin sama, mai lakabin "Ilya Muromets". A jirgin sama da wani bude gada sama da fuselage, inda jarumi fasinjoji iya tsayawa da kuma ji dadin shimfidar wuri a kasa. Babban jirgi ya da wani abin mamaki a cikin soja, da kuma wakilan da Rasha Navy zo a Petrograd zuwa duba misali, sanye take da pontoons.

A farko Duniya

Bayan kisan gillar da Austria Archduke Franz Ferdinand Rasha ne mired a yakin duniya na farko. "Ilya Muromets" da aka canza kama zuwa wani dan kunar bakin waken, wanda ya zama tushen da Rasha iska m da Jamus. A cikin duka, da jirgin sama halarci fiye da 400 tasowa, da kuma daya kawai aka lalace ta hanyar anti-jirgin sama wuta. A lokacin da a 1917 Bolshevik juyin juya halin share daular, mu labarin gwarzo yanke shawarar barin kasar. A lokacin rani na 1918 Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, wanda iyali zauna a Rasha, da barin duk sirri mallakarmu, ya tafi zuwa Paris, inda ya fara tsara wani babban m ga Air Service Amurka Army. Amma karshen yaki kawo karshen aikinsa. Bayan 'yan watanni, ya yi hijira zuwa {asar Amirka, Sikorsky cika da mafarki ransa. A {asar Amirka, ya da wani abokai ko kudi. Amma ya aka yi wahayi zuwa, saboda na yi tunani cewa, a wannan kasa mutane da tsaye ideas da damar samun nasara.

A American mafarki

Bayan wani gajeren lokaci ya yi aiki a cikin kamfanin "McCook Field" a Dayton, Ohio, taimakawa wajen samar da wani super-m. Amma yayin da jirgin sama da aka dauke da wani mutuwa reshe na masana'antu da kuma m Sikorski koma zuwa New York. Ba neman aiki a cikin jirgin sama masana'antu, da ya fara lecturing for Rasha baƙi a ilmin lissafi da kuma ilmin taurari. A daidai wannan lokaci, da ya halarci gida hadahada kuma yi marmarin gida duba baki jiragen sama. Igor fara lakca a kan batun jirgin sama da kuma kulla wani kudi damar komawa zuwa ya fi so dalili. Sikorsky ɓullo da tagwayen-engine kasuwanci da jirgin sama, m na dauke da 12 zuwa 15 da fasinjoji - da riga shi zuwa na zamani jirgin sama.

farko American

Bayan tara da ake bukata adadin, Sikorsky ya fara gina jirgin sama a cikin sito na wani kaji gona a Long Island. Amma duk da sassa bai isa kudi, kuma ya yi amfani da yawa m aka gyara daga gida landfills. A injuna sun tsufa, yakin duniya na farko. A karshe, babban Rasha Sergei mawaki Rachmaninoff tsĩrar countryman biyan cikin adadin $ 5,000. Lokacin da sabon jirgin sama ya shirya domin da farko gwajin jirgin, jirgin takwas mataimakansa taru a kan jirgin. Igor Sikorsky san an yi kuskure, amma ba zan iya yi musu su. Bayan wani jinkirin fara da injuna kasa, da kuma Igor sanya gaggawa saukowa, mai tsanani tareda žata jirgin sama. Yana da jũna da cewa wannan shi ne karshen. Amma Sikorski dadewa koya ba ba up da kuma bayan 'yan watanni mayar da jirgin saman da ake kira C-29-A. Letter "A" a nan tana nufin da kalmar "America". C-29-A ya mamaki mai kyau da jirgin sama, tabbatar da kudi nasarar da kamfanin Sikorsky. Aviator Roscoe Turner sayi jirgin sama a gudanar da wani na yau da kullum da kuma shatan flights. Daga baya naúrar aka ma amfani a matsayin tashi sigar store.

A 1926, dukan jirgin sama duniya ya m game da kyauta a cikin adadin $ 25,000, wanda aka samarwa da mutum na farko wanda ya yi tsirfanci thro jirgin tsakanin New York da kuma Paris. Sikorski aka tambaye gina wani babban uku-engine biplane ga Faransa yaki gwarzo Rene Fonck, shirya ya sami kyauta. The ƙungiya kasance cikin sauri tare da karshe na shirye-shirye kafin karshen jirgin gwajin. A lokacin takeoff dora jirgin sama koma ta hanyar da tudun ƙasa. A kawai 'yan seconds, ya juya a cikin wani tsanani zafi. Fonck tsallaka rijiya, amma matukan jirgin biyu da mambobin aka kashe. Kusan nan da nan wani jarumi Faransa da umarnin wani jirgin sama zuwa na biyu lokaci don kokarin samun kyautar. Amma kafin da aka gina, babu wanda ya san Charles Lindbergh kammala solo jirgin fadin Atlantic Ocean, zai sami kyauta da kuma sha'awa na miliyoyin mutane.

"The American clipper"

Har yanzu, kamfanin Sikorsky aka fada domin ta zama. Sa'an nan, ya yanke shawarar gina tagwayen-engine amphibian. A jirgin sama ya sosai m ne kuma abin dogara, kuma Sikorsky halitta da rundunar jiragen sama. Kusan nan da nan, da Pan American Airlines amfani da halittar dabba mai kafafuwa domin gina sababbin hanyoyi a cikin iska Tsakiya da kuma Kudancin Amirka.

Ba da da ewa Sikorski ya fi umarni fiye da ya iya cika. Ya sake tsarafa kamfanin da kuma gina wani sabon ma'aikata a Stratford, Conn. A shekara daga baya, kamfanin ya zama mai dukansa mallakar na biyu "United Aircraft Corporation". Sikorsky miƙa wa shirya wata babbar seaworthy kai da jirgin sama zuwa Pan Am, wanda ya zama majagaba a fagen trans-Oceanic kai. Majestic "American Clipper" shi ne na biyu sabuwar irin jirgin sama, da jirgin sama zanen halitta. The girma na jirgin sama ne kusan sau biyu girman sauran jirgin sama a lokacin. A karshen shekarar 1931, bayan Mrs. Gerbert Guver "giciye" "Clipper", Charles Lindbergh sanya shi farko jirgin daga Miami zuwa Panama Canal.

Wannan manyan tashi jirgin yana da riga na jerin kama aparata cewa sharewa Amurka iska hanyoyi a fadin tekuna. Daga cikin mafi kyau shi ne C-42, wanda aka kammala a 1934, kuma yana da kyau kwarai halaye da ya sa Lindbergh per day saita 8 duniya records for gudun, fuska da kuma dangi! Da ewa ba bayan, Pan Am tashi jirgin ruwan amfani bude iska links tsakanin Amurka da kuma Argentina. Bayan wata shida, wani "Clipper" ya tashi daga garin Alameda, California da kuma bude wani iska hanya zuwa Hawaii. Wannan ya biyo ta sauran iska hanyoyi a fadin Pacific zuwa New Zealand. A 1937, wani "clipper" yi na farko na yau da kullum jirgin fadin Arewa Atlantic. Yanzu babban transatlantic jirgin sama Sikorsky aka tsunduma a harkokin kasuwanci da sufuri ta hanyar duka da babban teku.

Dream zo gaskiya

A lokacin duk wadannan shekaru na nasara jirgin sama zanen Igor Sikorsky taba manta ya so ya gina a m saukar ungulu. Ya taba tunanin shi a matsayin sana'a, wajen shi ya mafarki, ya so ya kawo wa rai fiye da komai. A 1939, Sikorsky karshe gane da burin na rayuwarsa, ya ci gaba da farko real saukar ungulu. Amma da na'urar ne irin wani sabon gaba daya da kuma da wuya matsalar da cewa zanen ya duƙufa kansa warware shi. Shi ne mai kalubale da cewa ya kira domin dukan hankali, da makamashi da kuma son su tashi. Amma wannan nasara ne ya samu damar sake zama a kan gab da wani sabon kalubale, wanda don haka tsawo mafarkin na Sikorsky. The saukar ungulu ya da wani sirri nufi jirgin sama don a kan uku da suka gabata. Kuma a yanzu, a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1939, ya fara zane, ta amfani da ra'ayoyi tara a lokacin duk da wannan lokaci. By Satumba naúrar ya shirye na farko gwajin. The inji yana daya babban da biyu kananan dunƙule a karshen na tubular rabo daga fuselage - counteract karfin juyi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi yi amfani da musamman tsarin na canza kwana na na'ura mai juyi ruwan wukake a lokacin juyawa. A wani mai wuce yarda short watanni shida lokaci an shawo kan daya daga cikin baro matsaloli na jirgin sama.

Yin canji a cikin zane a 1941. Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich tsĩrar da farko rikodin na tsawon na jirgin - 1 hour 5 da minti da kuma 14 seconds. Bayan kwana biyu, sanye take da floats na inji iya fara duka biyu a kan tudu da ruwa. Saboda haka Sikorski sanya uku muhimmanci taimako ga jirgin sama aiwatuwa da mafarki na wani bakon Flying inji, wanda za ku bauta wa mafi m sabis ga bil'adama da kuma yaba duniya tare da m maneuverability a cikin iska. Bugu da ƙari, helikofta zai zama wani abin tunawa ga wani mutum da ƙarfi ta shafi addini a cikin babban mafarki har ma fiye da yarda da kai, wanda a yarda don isa manufa.

Sikorskiy Igor Ivanovich, da sabuwar dabara na wanda ya bar wani m alama a tarihin jirgin sama, ya rasu Oktoba 26, 1972.