Biography Butlerova Aleksandra da kuma taimakonsa da kimiyya

Biography Butlerova da wanda za ka koyi a cikin wannan labarin, abin lura da kafa ka'idar sinadaran tsarin. Wannan ka'idar yau shi ne tushen da kimiyya na yanayin sinadaran mahadi.

Butlerova biography fara a 1828, lokacin da wani kananan Butlerovke kauye dake bai da nisa daga Kazan, da aka haife Alexander. Wannan taron ya faru a cikin sunan mahaifinsa.

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich: yarantaka

Alexander bai tuna da shi da uwarsa da ta mutu 11 kwanaki bayan haihuwar danta. Mahaifinsa wani ilimi mutum, kuma nan gaba masanin kimiyya so a kusa da shi kamar. A farko, yaron ya tafi makarantar kwana, sa'an nan ya fara karatu a farko Kazan dakin motsa jiki. A wannan makaranta sun sosai gogaggen malaman da suke iya samar da ban sha'awa a cikin talakawansu. Alexander koyo yi sauki, musamman janyo hankalin ya kimiyya.

Classes, a Jami'ar Kazan, motsi zuwa Kazan

Sabanin bukatar mahaifinsa, bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, Alexander yanke shawarar zama dalibi na kimiyyar yanayin halitta sashen na University of Kazan. A shekara daga baya, a 1845-m, aka kwantar da farko shekara. A wannan lokaci, yaron yana da shekara 17.

Biography Butlerova bayar da a 1846 wani m taron - ya fadi rashin lafiya tare da typhus. Man hanyar mu'ujiza tsira, amma mahaifina, wanda aka kamuwa da shi, ya mutu. Butlerof kaka ya koma inna to Kazan. A jami'a ya yi karatu sosai, amma nan da nan ya lura cewa mafi yawansu duk ya likes laccoci a kan sunadarai. Yana bai gamsar da laccoci na Farfesa Claus, don haka sai ya fara halartar azuzuwan, wanda ya jagoranci Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin. Last Watching a lokacin da dakin gwaje-gwaje aikin for Alexander lura da cewa hazaka.

Kariya na dan takarar aikin

Domin da digiri Alexander ya sauke karatu daga jami'a ya sallama a rubutun. Zinin wannan lokaci ya tafi zuwa St. Petersburg daga Kazan. Saboda haka, Alexander ya zuwa magance da kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Ya shirya domin PhD aikin wata kasida mai suna "Butterflies na Volga-Ural fauna". Amma bayan wani lokaci da yanayi ne irin wannan cewa Butlerof har yanzu koma zuwa sunadarai.

Aiki a jami'ar Kazan

Bayan samun digiri, Alexander aka aiki a Kazan University. Klaus, kadai farfesa a fannin sunadarai, zai iya ba da kanta gudanar da dukkan ayyukan da ake bukata wani mataimaki, wanda ya zama Alexander. Butlerof kaka na 1850 shige da jarrabawa, kuma ya kasance a master of sunadarai. Ya nan da nan ya fara aiki a kan doctoral dissertation a kan topic da muhimmanci mai. Butlerov kare da aikin a farkon shekara ta gaba. Tare da shirye-shiryen da laccoci Alexander tsunduma a wani sosai nazarin tarihi na sunadarai.

Butlerof nerd

Biography Butlerova sha'awar ba kawai chemists, amma kuma botanists. Alexander gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a cikin greenhouses da suke a Butlerovke a Kazan. Har ila yau, rubuta articles a kan floriculture, noma da kuma aikin noma Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Hotuna abin tunawa ga Alexander, located in Kazan, kusa da jami'a, da aka gabatar a kasa.

Digiri na uku, tafiya kasashen waje, gudunmawar sunadarai

Butlerof Yuni 4, 1854 samu digiri na uku a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sunadarai. Nan da nan bayan haka, ya aka nada mukaddashin farfesa a fannin sunadarai a ƙasarsa ta Kazan University. Butlerof farkon 1857 ya riga ya farfesa. A wannan shekara, a lokacin rani, ya samu izinin je tafiya kasashen waje.

A Berlin Alexander zo a cikin marigayi rani. Bayan wani lokaci ya tafi a kan tafiya ta Jamus, Italiya, Switzerland da Faransa. Paris ya manufan da tafiya. A wannan lokaci shi ne duniya cibiyar a nazarin sunadarai. Butlerova janyo hankalin yafi ganawa da Adolf Wurtz. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ya yi aiki 2 months Aleksandr Butlerov. Sunadarai, ya fara gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a nan. Bayan wani lokaci, bincike mai bada 'ya'yan fari. A lokacin na gaba shekaru 20, ya bude da dama, da kuma halayen abubuwa Alexander Butlerov. Taimako zuwa ga sunadarai ya kasance babbar. Bugu da ƙari kuma, sun gudanar da abar syntheses ethylene da ethanol, manyan alcohols, dinzobutilena, trioxymethylene, hexamine ne a asalin wani yawan masana'antu. Bã su da wani sakamako a kan haramta motsa ta ci gaba. Kamar yadda ka gani, da yawa daga kimiyya da masana'antu sanya Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Samar yana da wuya a overestimate. Yanzu gaya game da ka'idar halitta ta wannan sunadarai.

ka'idar Butlerova

Butlerof karatu hydrocarbons, Na lura cewa shi ne mai raba aji na sinadarai. Scientist nazarin dũkiyõyinsu, da tsari, lura da wani m dokar, wanda ya kafa tushen da ka'idar da sunadarai tsarin, halitta shi.

Butlerova rahoton na Paris Academy of Sciences, aka gaishe da ban sha'awa. Fara wani m muhawara. A 'yan shekarun baya, a lokacin da 2nd tafiye-tafiye a kasashen waje, Alexander ya gabatar da ka'idar. Ya ba da gabatar a kan 36 majalisa na likitoci da masana kimiyya a Speyer, da aka gudanar a watan Satumba 1861 Butlerov karanta rahoton a kan "Wani abu game da sinadaran tsarin na jikinsu." Scientist gabatar masu sauraro ya halitta sabon ka'idar tsarin gudanar da mahadi. Ya ce cewa kowane zarra cewa wani bangare ne na jiki ne kai tsaye da hannu a cikin samuwar kuma ya aikata tare da sojojin da nufin sunadaran da suke kewaye da shi. Shi ne saboda wannan daukan hotuna atoms kisa ga wani kwayoyin da sinadaran jinsunan. Ya kira da sinadaran tsarin da rarraba aiki na wadannan sojojin, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani hada guda biyu daga cikin sunadaran. Saboda haka, kumshin barbashi da sinadaran-akai wanda ya dogara a kan yanayin da aka gyara, da sinadaran tsarin mulki da kuma yawa.

Lura cewa kafin Butlerova hadu a adabi, da kalmar "sinadaran tsarin". Duk da haka, da masanin kimiyyar fara sake tunani ta yin amfani da su ayyana wani sabon ra'ayi. A ka'idar sinadaran tsarin shi ne tushen dukan rassan na zamani roba sunadarai.

Samun trimethyl carbinol

Farin ciki da murna shekara a cikin rayuwar za a iya daukan Butlerova 1863rd aka aiki a kan acetyl chloride dimethylzinc, wani masanin kimiyya a karon farko a tarihi da ya samu manyan butyl barasa, in ba haka ba da aka sani da trimethyl. A cikin wallafe-wallafe, jim kadan bayan haka shi aka ruwaito da kira na butyl alcohols, makarantun firamare da sakandare. Isobutyl barasa da aka sani zuwa masana kimiyya tun 1852. Sai aka farko ware daga kayan lambu mai. Yanzu, wannan tambaya na iya zama game da duk wani shawarwari, saboda akwai 4 na butyl barasa, kowanne daga abin da an isomer. Shi ne mai real rabo ga tsarin ka'idar.

ka'idar tautomerism

Domin lokacin daga 1862 zuwa 1865 ya shafi ainihin matsayin da ya bayyana Butlerov sabon ka'idar yanzu reversible isomerization tautomerism. Its marubucin zaton inji na tsakiyan nonon ne da ciwon guda tsarin kwayoyin da kuma Mix su da saurã daga cikin samuwar sabuwar kwayoyin da daban-daban tsarin. The masanin kimiyya magana na da bukatar yin amfani da sunadarai matakai tsauri m. A wasu kalmomin, su ya kamata a gani a matsayin ma'auni. Alexander ta yiwuwa a matsayin wani marubuci tautomerism ka'idar gane ko da Bitrus Laar, wani Jamus sunadarai, wanda buga da kalmar "tautomerism".

Tutorial a Chemistry

Yanzu Butlerova aiki ya yi amfani da tsarin ka'idar yana dangane da duk mahadi da kuma halayen kwayoyin sunadarai, kazalika da haifar da wani sabon littafi a kan kwayoyin sunadarai. A cikin littafi duk mamaki ya kamata a yi la'akari da hanyar da Prism ka'idar da ya halitta. Kusan 2 shekaru Butlerov yi aiki a kan halittarsa. Uku sake (a cikin lokaci daga 1864 zuwa 1866), wani littafi da Alexander M. "Gabatarwa zuwa cikakken nazarin kwayoyin sunadarai." Yana nisa m ga wani abu da aka sani a lokacin da litattafan. Butlerova aikin da ya sa a juyin juya halin da a kimiyya. Tuni a 1867 muka fara shirya da translation and bazawa na wannan littafin a Jamus. Sa'an nan akwai fassarorin a wasu manyan harsuna na Turai.

Sauran a Butlerovke aiki a St. Petersburg University

Bayan kammala aikin a kan wani littafi mafi sau da yawa ya kasance a cikin Estate Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Iyalinsa sau da yawa a sati, zo nan. Ƙaramin ɗan, Volodya, wanda shi ne 2 years old, ya ƙaunace yi wasa a kan makiyaya, dake kusa da gidan. Ina ƙaunar ka huta nan kuma Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Ban sha'awa abubuwa game da shi sun hada da so flower namo da kuma halittar collections na kwari.

Butlerov yanzu shafe ƙasa da lokaci a cikin Lab, duk da haka, ya bi binciken masana kimiyya. A shirin na Mendeleev, sanannen sunadarai, a cikin bazara na 1868 Alexander aka kira su zuwa ga yin aiki a St. Petersburg University. A nan sai ya fara lakca, kazalika ta shirya ta sinadaran dakin gwaje-gwaje. Masana kimiyya sun halitta sabon Hanyar koyarwa. Ya samarwa awon yi, yanzu yadu soma. Dalibai a aji da koyo da sinadaran kayan aiki.

samun isobutylene

Butlerof ci gaba da bincike da samar da tsarin ka'idar. Ya so ya tabbatar da cewa a mike kuma branched carbon sarkar iya samun duk irin takin mahadi. Wannan zato mai tushe daga ka'idarsa. Duk da haka, ya zama dole a tabbatar da shi a aikace. A karshe, da kokarin Alexander ta m. Ya samu wani dogon-jiran isobutylene. Kamar wancan ne, gaban branched-sarkar hydrocarbon aka tabbatar.

Hannu cikin rayuwar zamantakewa na St. Petersburg

Butlerov, ban da bincike ayyuka, an rayayye da hannu a cikin rayuwar zamantakewa na Rasha babban birnin kasar. Progressive al'umma da lokaci musamman damu game da batun na mata ilimi. Yana da ya wajaba ga mata su sami damar zuwa mafi girma ilimi. Don yin wannan, kiwon lafiya da kuma m makarantar da aka kafa Jami'ar Mata. Bugu da kari, akwai aka shirya Bestuzhev haila, a kan wanda Alexander ya ba da laccoci a kan sunadarai.

Membobinsu a cikin Academy of Sciences

Da ayyukan da wannan masanin kimiyya aka bayar da Academy of Sciences. Butlerov an zabe a 1871 m Academician, kuma bayan shekaru 3 - da kuma talakawa. Saboda wannan, ya samu wani Apartment a wani gini da mallakar da makarantar. Ga ya rayu kuma ya Zinin Nikolai Nikolaevich. Long-tsaye da abota da shi ya kara ƙarfafa kusa da kusanci.

A karshe shekaru ransa

Rayuwa da kuma aiki na Aleksandra Butlerova har 'yan shekarun nan an hade tare da kimiyya. Amma da wuce (shekaru) kuma aji tare da dalibai suka zama ma nauyi ga Butlerova. The masanin kimiyyar ya yanke shawarar barin jami'a. Ya karanta a bankwana lacca 4 Afrilu 1880 Wannan shawarar da aka gana da zurfin jin cizon yatsa. An sani cewa kimiyya majalisa tambayi Alexander ta tsaya. Ya kuma an zabe ga wata 5 shekaru.

Butlerov rage ayyuka na jami'a. Ya karanta kawai babban hanya, da kuma 'yan sau a mako ciyar a cikin Lab zaman. Agusta 5, 1886 mutu daga jijiyoyin bugun gini occlusions Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Hotuna Chapel a kan kabarinsa Butlerova gabatar a sama.