MANPADS "Igla": halaye, photos, da aikace-aikace

Riga lokacin yakin duniya na II jirgin sama dominance a kan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yaki da aka muhimmanci. Modern manyan ayyukan soji suna tare da yin amfani da daruruwan jirgin sama, ciki har da unmanned. Don magance wannan barazana daga iska amfani da iska tsaro da kuma tsarin makami mai linzami tsaron gida, abin da ya bambanta bisa ga ka'ida na mataki, da tasiri radius da kuma digiri na motsi. A shekaru 70, babban tartsatsi wearable šaukuwa iska tsaro tsarin tsara don} alubalantar da hari da dabara jirgin sama dukiya, a halin yanzu wakilta hari jirage masu saukar ungulu, da jirgin sama, hari da jirgin sama da kuma UAVs.

A cikin Rasha Army kunshi MANPADS "Igla". Wannan makami yana da babban yadda ya dace, ya tabbatar da kwarewa na fama amfani (haka yanzu kawai kasashen waje sojojin), shi ne mai sauki don amfani, abin dogara, in mun gwada kananan size da kuma nauyi.

MANPADS a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

Ci gaban da m anti-jirgin sama da makami mai linzami da tsarin da ikon kaddamar da wani dako mike daga kafada ya fara a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a gaba. A cikin rabi na biyu na 60s Soviet sojojin yana iri biyu šaukuwa iska tsaro makami mai linzami tsarin ( "Arrow" da "Arrow-2"). Wannan makami da yawa abũbuwan amfãni, daga cikinsu su ne:

- bayyanar iska tsaro tsarin a yankunan inda abokan gaba jirgin sama kafin barazana ne ba ji.

- ikon buga hari a babba nisa (a kan 4 km) da kuma tsawo m ga cewa a wanda mafi sau da yawa suna "aiki" a kan ƙasa hari hari a jirgin sama ( "Skyhawk", "fatalwa" ko "Skayrayder") - daga 1500 zuwa 3000 mita.

- m raguwa a tura matsayi.

- sauki aikace-aikace da kuma horar da ma'aikata, ciki har da kasashen waje.

- zumunta Compactness.

- sauki dangane da ajiya da kuma harkokin sufuri da yanayi.

Duk da high fama halaye su ne wasu m lokacin, domin wanda soja masana sun soki MANPADS "Strela". "Allura" da aka tsara daidai domin shawo kan matsalolin.

Beat kawai bayan, kuma zuwa gare

Babban drawback na "Arrows" da ke cikin ikon buga hari bayan da suka ci gaba a kan ga boye a baya wani abu. Yawancin lokaci maƙiyi jirgin sama za a iya harbe saukar kawai bayan da motsa jiki na harin bom ko makami mai linzami volley. Hakika, "rama" da kare tsaro sun a idan anti-aircraft Gunners kansu tsira. "Arrow" iya doke da bi, da kuma sojojin bukaci makamai da zai iya buga da kai hare hare jirage a kan wani karo Hakika, kãfin m diyya.

A wasu lokuta, yin amfani da kashi na mamaki, shi yiwuwa a ci duk da wannan zane aibi - "kama" abokan gaba da kuma haddasa mayaudari buga wa overflying jirgin sama, ya kasance kada a gane shi. Saboda haka, a shekarar 1969, kasar Masar sojojin massively amfani da šaukuwa hadaddun "Strela-2" Isra'ila "fatalwa", yanã gudãna a musamman low altitudes, inda suka kashe shida daga cikinsu a kowace rana. Amma abokan gaba ne iya koyi, don haka nan da nan da tasiri na Soviet MANPADS ki, ko da yake su amfanin da ake har yanzu ya kasance qasashen. Bã su da wani m tasiri, tilasta makiya matukan jirgin, an kullum sunã gaggãwa daga kananan zuwa manyan tuddai, ba ji lafiya. Kuma duk da haka ya zama dole su nemi fasaha damar saduwa da kidan, maimakon bayan.

Gwamnatin aiki SP iya karawa

Wani hasara mallaki by "Arrows" da kuma wanda ya nemi ya kauce wa yin halitta daga MANPADS "Igla", wani rashin fashewar ikon yaƙi kai. Ba duk bugawa manufa domin a tabbatar da ta halaka su kuma ko da haddasa gagarumin lalacewa. Lamarinsa stormtroopers tashe, da bututun ƙarfe a cikin abin da suka garzaya da makamai masu linzami da thermal shugaban shiriya, Ya sanya daga kayan da za su iya jure wa high thermal da kuma baric effects, da kuma jirgin sama sau da yawa yana da damar komawa zuwa ga tushe, sa'an nan kuma gyara sake barazana. Disrupted da sakamako na "blurring" da jet rafi tsãwa kalaman da tareda žata abubuwa. Tare da wannan ya zama dole mu yi wani abu.

A shekara ta 1971, da Soviet gwamnati yanke shawarar kafa wani sabon hadaddun, da ikon su yi yaƙi da mafi zamani da kuma ci-gaba a wannan lokaci ta hanyar iska hari dabara matakin, wanda zai iya da m abokin gaba. Kolomenskoye injiniya zane hukumar ya iyaye kamfanin, da alaka da aikin yi da sauran kungiyoyin (CDB {asa, Research Institute of aunawa kida da Leningrad ƙungiya LOMO). Babban shugaban da sabon ci gaba quite ta halitta ya zama Academician SP iya karawa. A sabon makami da aka kira MANPADS "Igla". A halaye (manufa gudun, da kuma yiwuwar samun halaka tsawo) ya yi, bisa ga gwamnatin request, muhimmanci outperformed "Arrows-3 '(karshe gyara).

Wayo da wayo

Babban tashar for niyya anti-aircraft makamai masu linzami ya al'ada aka dauke da wani zafi da alama bar engine na jirgin sama. Wannan Hanyar kayyade shugabanci na dako aka gwada da sauki, amma shi yana da tsanani flaws. Nan da nan bayan da farko lokuta da tasiri amfani da jirgin sama da ya bayyana na'urorin nufi ga su ɓatar da thermal radar tsarin wakiltar shoot Pyrocartridges cewa ƙirƙirar ƙarya manufa. Saboda haka ya yanke shawarar ba MANPADS "Igla" dual-tashar infrared shiriya kai, sanye take da photodetectors. Development of wani tsarin da za a iya rarrabe tsakanin wani real jirgin sama da thermal zafi alama "tarkuna", jinkiri ga karin shekaru bakwai, amma ya m. Yana tabbatar da cewa a zahiri wuya, kawai isa ya ambaci cewa, babban photodetector bayan translation na dako a cikin harbe-harben matsayi ne sanyaya zuwa sosai low zazzabi kusa da cikakkar sifili (-200 ° C). A sakamakon wadannan kokari, na atomatik tsarin, sanye take da dabaru, kwantanta da karatu na biyu masu auna sigina. Kuma idan kari tashar alama matakin ne m fiye da ƙasa, haƙiƙa aka bayyana a matsayin hankalin, da kuma search ne da za'ayi muddin roka ba za ganin gaskiya abu.

Akwai wata muhimmiyar fasaha tambaya da bayani ya muhimmanci kara fama tasiri na MANPADS "Igla". Advanced hari da jirgin sama survivability halaye dogara ne a kan wurin lamba tare da wani dako, da kuma bututun ƙarfe - ba cikakke, don haka nuna algorithm samar da wani ƙarin zaɓi, samar da wani canji da shugabanci vector na roka (cikakken juyawa) a mataki na karshe na yanayin haka cewa harbi buga da fuselage. Don yin wannan rawar daji a cikin wani harsashi yi na samar da ƙarin thrusters.

shiriya tsarin da fis din

KB Engineers a kowane hanya kokari don rage nauyin da šaukuwa hadaddun "Igla". MANPADS ne da makami conceptually m, an tsara don yin amfani da guda soja. Mass ayukan iska mai ƙarfi abu dauke a cikin fama roka naúrar, daidai ne a matsayin "booms" (1170 g), amma ta samar da makamashi (m) ikon ne yafi hakan. Bugu da kari, shi ne quite ma'ana bayani da aka yi amfani da unspent man fetur a matsayin ƙarin karfi, wanda shi ne na musamman na'urar kira wani m janareta. Inherently wannan detonator ne jawo ta haifar da babban cajin da kuma daukan wani gwada da m yanayin na kona man fetur a wani instantaneous sinadaran dauki of hadawan abu da iskar shaka da saki da babbar yawa makamashi. Fusing biyu: lamba (kunna ta kai tsaye lamba) da kuma shigar da (garkuwa da Magnetic filin manufa nesa). BLT irin - high-fashewar.

Janar na'ura da kuma kayan aiki

MPADS "allura" kamar sauran šaukuwa gidaje dabara matakin VOP ne a shirin mai gabatarwa tube a cikin abin da wani makami mai linzami toshe kwalaba, ergonomic rike. Don tafiyarsu makami mai linzami ba cuta da maharbin, da farawa tsari ne zuwa kashi biyu, saukarwa. A farko, nan da nan bayan da kunnawa da harsasai, makami mai linzami ejection auku daga ganga ta wajen wani musamman low-ikon cajin. Bayan 'yan mita daga jirgin Laser katako shirin mai gabatarwa kaddamar aikin asali (propulsion) na m propellant. A daidai wannan lokaci da kulle an cire mataki na farko, hana mai haɗari fashewa kai. A karshe ya zo da makami mai linzami a fadan da yanayin ko da bayan 'yan dakikoki, yawo zuwa 250 mita.

Bayan da jefa tube dauke da wani roka 9P322 da kuma kasancewa daya-yin amfani da samfur, kit MPADS "Allura" sanye take da wani jawo (9P519-1) daga interrogator 1L14 (shi ne tsada da kuma hadaddun, shi za a iya amfani da dama sau) da lantarki kwamfutar hannu 1L15-1 (ga accelerating musayar sarrafawa bayanai kan zirga-zirga halin da ake ciki).

Domin kungiyar aikace-aikace zai ma bukatar wani mobile zanga-zanga. Don duba serviceability da kuma kula da tsarin ɓullo da wani musamman sa na KPS.

Wannan "Igla-1" gada daga "Strela"

A cikin rabi na biyu na seventies kuma ga masu aikatawa da kuma ga abokin ciniki shi ya bayyana cewa, a saboda lokaci da Kolomenskoye na'ura-ginin ofishin ba ya shige. Dakata sa wani bata lokaci ba, a ci gaban kayayyakin 9E140 (abin da ya ƙunsa). An juya ta zama quite hadaddun, halittarsa yana tare da matsaloli da yawa. Da makami mai linzami ya kusan shirye. Domin ƙarin saurin da ya kwarara daga cikin samfurin da Soviet Army da kuma gudanarwa da kara assimilation na sabon fasaha, an yanke shawarar tsakanin. MANPADS "Igla-1" a, rene ta Jihar Hukumar a shekarar 1978, aka sanye take da guda-tashar GSN ta "Arrows". Lokacin da wannan sabon hadaddun sãɓã wajũna a ƙara ikon cajin da yawa mafi fasaha halaye (ya karu har zuwa 5.2 km radius na aikace-aikace, shi ne zai yiwu rauni counterpropagating dalilai). A shekarar 1982, aka karshe kammala gwaji na dual-tashar abin da ya ƙunsa, yana kara wani sabon šaukuwa iska tsaro tsarin na gaba, da ake kira MANPADS "Igla-2."

"Allura" gyare-gyare "A", "H" da "C"

Complex kira dada wuya jefa tube shi ne tsayin 1 m 70 cm - talakawan mutum tsawo. Musamman tsanani shike zo daga paratroopers fara m mafi m. Special rage "Eagle" da aka halitta musu. MANPADS a zare matsayi ne ya fi guntu ta 60 cm.

Gyara na "H" ne halin high iya aiki brisant kai. A wannan yanayin ne ma halayyar da na uku version na hadaddun, samu index "C". Amma a Bugu da kari inganta high-m fragmentation warhead, da makami mai linzami yana da wani dual fis (ciki har da contactless) da kuma wani muhimmanci quality, saboda abin da ya kira haka na'urar. "C" - ma'ana "nadawa", a cikin kai matsayin - a cikin rabin.

halaye na

TTX MANPADS "Igla" ban sha'awa da kuma ta yi daidai da bukatun da m XXI karni. gudun da roka a kan hanyar zuwa makasudin - a kan 2,100 km / h. A nesa na 5200 m, a wani jirgin saman ko helikofta, yawo a gudun har zuwa 1150 km / h a altitudes har zuwa 2500 m za a iya buge bayan wani Yiwuwar 63%.

Lokacin da harbe-harben a kan wani karo Hakika manufa gudun iya zama mafi girma har zuwa 1300 km / h. Transfer na abin hawa a cikin yãƙi yanayin šaukuwa hadaddun iya zama a matsayin kadan a matsayin 13 seconds.

Duk wadannan bushe Figures nufi da gagarumin damar, wanda yana daya kawai soja, dauke da makamai 9K38 MANPADS "Igla". Ya iya magance low-tashi abubuwa, kamar hari jirage masu saukar ungulu da kuma cruise makamai masu linzami, wanda suke saboda da flatness na yanayin ne mai hadarin gaske ga sojojin ƙasa.

Bugu da ƙari, kula da tsarin shi ne iya rarrabe maƙiya a jirgin sama godiya ga Hadakar fitarwa tsarin "aboki ko maƙiyi".

Musamman kalmomi cancanci da kuma sauƙi na yin amfani da MANPADS "Igla". Fama wa'azi manual ba ya dauke da wani babban yawan maki za a iya sanya fara daga wani wuri, ciki har da a kan jirgin mai motsi mota. Da zarar sadarwarka ya sami manufa, ya fara aikawa da bututu zuwa wani abu, tura "Fara" button. Next, duk abin da ya faru a cikin wani al'amari na seconds, shi ya kasance ne kawai wajen saka idanu da roka jirgin, idan shi ne, ba shakka, akwai lokaci.

kwarewa na aikace-aikace

A cikin sojojin fiye da hudu dozin kasashen ne mai ɗaukuwa anti-aircraft tsarin MANPADS "Igla". Its aikace-aikace ta Iraqi a 1991 ya sa asarar da dama da jirgin sama Air Force kawance da cewa ya nuna babban inganci na wannan irin Rasha makamai, ko da a kusan duka danniya na iska tsaro da kuma iska keda daukaka attacker. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata a sassa daban daban na duniya akwai mutane da yawa da makamai rikice-rikice da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe. Mafi yawan su suna da daya ko wasu gefe amfani MANPADS "Igla". Photo maharan da kuma gwamnatin da sojoji tare da hankula "shambura", kazalika da lalacewa da kuma lalata jirgin sama ya nuna m ikon wannan gwada da kananan iska tsaro.

A post-Soviet tarihi na shahararsa na "allura" iya jayayya watakila cewa shahara "Kalashnikov". Sane da karshe manyan kwangila ga samar da wani babban tsari na wadannan gidaje da Malaysia Armed Forces. A ci gaba da tsarin zane, wanda ya kai ga wata karuwa daga sama zuwa shida kilomita radius fama da yin amfani da "needles" canji "Super". Wadannan MANPADS, kazalika da sabon, yadda duk da haka m samfurori, zã a cika rearmed da Rasha sojojin a nan gaba.