Masar numerals. Tarihi, description, amfani ko rashin amfani, misalai na zamanin d Masar lambar tsarin

'Yan mutane zaton cewa dabaru da kuma dabarbari cewa mu yi amfani da yin lissafi sauki ko hadaddun lambobi, kafa a kan mutane da yawa ƙarni, da kuma a sassa daban daban na duniya. Advanced ilimin lissafi skills cewa hannu, ko da wani na farko a aji na, ya kasance a baya prohibitive ga smartest mutane. An babban taimako ga ci gaban masana'antu ya sanya Masar lambar tsarin, wasu abubuwa na da har yanzu muna amfani da su a asali form.

taƙaitaccen definition

Masana tarihi sani ga wasu da cewa duk wani tsoho wayewa samo asali yafi rubutu da kuma na lamba dabi'u kasance ko da yaushe a karo na biyu wuri. A saboda wannan dalili, a baya millennia lissafi da yawa rashin daidaito da kuma wani lokacin da zamani masana tõno kawunansu cikin wadannan wasanin gwada ilimi. Ba ta kasance ba togiya da Masar numerals, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, ya ma nonpositional. Wannan yana nufin cewa matsayin guda lamba a cikin rikodin yawan ba ya canja jimillar adadin. Kamar yadda wani misali, ka yi la'akari da darajar 15, a cikinsa 1 - na farko wuri, da kuma 5 - a karo na biyu. Idan muka canza wadannan lambobi, kafin su sami wani yawa ya fi girma lambar. Amma zamanin d Masar lambar tsarin irin canje-canje ba su sa ran. Ko da a cikin babban lambobin duk da aka gyara, aka rubuta a cikin bazuwar domin.

Kamar lura cewa zamani mazaunan wannan zafi kasar ji dadin wannan Larabci numerals, kamar yadda muka aka rubuta su a cikin m daidai da daidai hanya da kuma hagu zuwa dama.

Abin da suke da ãyõyinSa?

Don rubuta lambobi Masarawa amfani hieroglyphs, kuma a lokaci guda akwai ba haka ba mutane da yawa. Duplicating su a kan wani takamaiman mulki, shi yiwuwa a samu adadin masu girma dabam, duk da haka, wannan na bukatar a manyan yawan Papyrus. A can farko na zama na Masar hieroglyphic lambar tsarin dauke da lambobin 1, 10, 100, 1000, kuma 10000. Daga baya, akwai wani gagarumin yawan waxanda suke, sau 10. Idan daya sun rubuta daya daga cikin sama Manuniya, yi amfani da irin wannan haruffa:

Don rikodin da lambar da cewa ba a mahara na goma, amfani da wannan dabara ingenuous:

deciphering da lambobi

A sakamakon da misali sama, mun ga cewa da farko mun sanya ɗari shida, bi da biyu shekarun da suka gabata da kuma a karshen da raka'a biyu. Hakazalika, wani adadin da aka rubuta, wanda za a iya amfani da dubbai da kuma dubban dubbai. Duk da haka, wannan misali aka rubuta hagu zuwa dama, don haka wannan zamani mai karatu zai iya yadda ya kamata fahimta shi, amma shi ke zahiri Masar numerals ba a matsayin cikakken. A wannan darajar za a iya rubuta daga dama zuwa hagu, to fahimci inda zan fara, da kuma inda yake karshen, ya wajaba, dangane da hoton tare da mafi darajar. A irin wannan nasa tarihin ake bukata, kuma idan lambobi a cikin babban adadin da ka rubuta (a matsayin tsarin nepozitsionnyh).

Kasarun adadi ma suna da muhimmanci

Masarawa gaba da wasu master lissafi. A saboda wannan dalili, a wani lokaci kadai Figures shi ya bai isa ba, da kuma kasarun adadi da aka hankali gabatar. Tun a zamanin d Masar hieroglyphic lambar tsarin yana dauke rikodin numerators da denominators amfani da alamomin. Domin ½ da wani musamman da kuma m ãyã, kuma duk sauran canji da aka kafa a cikin wannan hanya da cewa an yi amfani da manyan lambobin. A numerator ne ko da yaushe featured wani hali koyi da siffar mutum ido, da kuma hada da lambar da aka riga nuna.

ilmin lissafi ayyukan

Idan akwai lambobi, suka ƙara da kuma debewa, ninka da kuma raba. Masar numerals jimre wannan aiki sarai, ko da yake akwai na da ƙayyadaddu. A mafi sauki hanyar da aka sanya nadawa kuma subtraction. Don yin wannan, biyu lambobi da aka rubuta a cikin wani yawan haruffa, canji tsakanin su lissafta jini. Shi ne mafi wuya a gane yadda suka yi yawaita tun da tsari ne kadan kama da na zamani. Sun biyu ginshikan, daya daga cikinsu yana farawa da daya da kuma sauran - daga na biyu factor. Sa'an nan, ya fara zuwa ninka kowanne daga cikin wadannan lambobin da rikodin wani sabon sakamakon da baya daya. Lokacin da ware daga na farko shafi na lambobin gudanar da tattara da m factor summed. More daidai fahimta da wannan tsari na iya zama, neman a tebur. A wannan yanayin 7 yawaita ta 22:

A sakamakon a farkon shafi 8 riga ya wuce 7, don haka anya iyakar a 4. 1 + 2 + 4 = 7, da 22 + 44 + 88 = 154. Wannan amsar daidai ne, amma samu haka sabon abu a gare mu ta.

Subtraction da division ake yi a baya domin na Bugu da kari kuma multiplication.

Me ya haifar Masar numerals?

A tarihin abin da ya faru na haruffa, wata dama, a matsayin m kamar bayyanar da dukan Masar wayewa. Its haihuwa kwanakin daga biyu da rabi na uku Millennium BC. Yana yi wa imani da cewa irin wannan daidaituwa a waɗannan kwanaki ya zama dole gwargwado. Misira da aka riga mai cikakken fledged jihar, da kuma zama mafi iko da kuma fadi a kowace shekara. Za'ayi gina haikalin, aka rajista a cikin babban harkokin mulki jiki, kuma domin hada da dukan wannan, da hukumomi sun yanke shawarar gabatar da wannan tsarin lissafi. Yana dade lokaci mai tsawo - har karni na goma AD, bayan wanda aka maye gurbinsu ieratika.

Masar numerals: karfi da kuma kasawan

Babban nasara da tsoho Masarawa a cikin ilmin lissafi - shi ne sauki da kuma daidaici. Kallon hali, ko da yaushe su iya sanin yadda da yawa dubun, daruruwan ko dubban rubuta a kan Papyrus. A amfani da tsarin da aka kuma dauke su ƙara kuma riɓaɓɓanya lambobi. Kawai da farko duba alama m, amma iya shiga cikin ainihi, ka fara zuwa da sauri da kuma sauƙi warware irin wannan wasanin gwada ilimi. A hasara an san ta, a da yawa na rikice. Lambobi za a iya rubuta ba kawai a cikin wani shugabanci, amma da ka, don haka bukatar karin lokaci a kan kwafensu. Kuma karshe debe, watakila, shi ne wuce yarda da dogon layi na haruffa, saboda su kullum yana zuwa kwafi.