Matsalar lalacewa ta hanyar electrolytic. Bayani mai sauƙi na tafiyar matakai

Tare da kalmar "dissociation electrolytic" masana kimiyya suna aiki tun daga ƙarshen karni na sha tara. Ya bayyana shi ne saboda likitancin likitancin Arrhenius. Yin aiki a kan matsala na masu jefa lantarki a 1884-1887, ya gabatar da shi don bayyana yanayin abu na ionization a cikin mafita da kuma samuwar melts. Hanyar wannan sabon abu, ya yanke shawara ya bayyana yadda bazuwar kwayoyin sun kasance a cikin ions, abubuwan da ke da kariya ko kyau.

A ka'idar electrolytic dissociation bayyana watsin da wasu mafita. Alal misali, don potassium chloride ne halayyar wannan gishiri tsagawa kwayoyin for potassium ion ciwon cajin da wata ãyã KCl «da" (cation) da kuma wani chlorine ion, a cajin da wata ãyã "debe" (anion). Hydrochloric acid HCI tsãgewar ƙwãyar cikin wani cation (hydrogen ion) da kuma wani anion (chloride ion), wani bayani daga sodium hydroxide NaHO take kaiwa zuwa sodium ion da wani anion kamar yadda hydroxide ion. Abubuwan da ke tattare da ka'idar rarrabewar electrolytic bayyana halin kwai a cikin mafita. Bisa ga wannan ka'idar, suna motsawa gaba daya a cikin maganin, har ma a cikin wani ɗan ƙaramin bayani, an rarraba rarraba tufafi na cajin lantarki wanda ake zargi.

Ka'idar sasantawa na lantarki, tsarin tsarin samar da masu lantarki a cikin mafita mai kyau, ya bayyana kamar haka. Harsar ions kyauta yana nuna halakar kwaskwarima na kwayoyin halitta. Wannan tsari lokacin da aka narkar da abu a cikin ruwa yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin tasirin kwayoyin polar daga cikin ƙananan (a misalin mu munyi la'akari da ruwa). Sannan sun iya rage yawan karfi da ke tattare da yaduwar kyamarar da aka samu tsakanin ions da ke cikin ƙananan kwaskwarima, wanda hakan ya haifar, ions suna motsawa kyauta a cikin bayani. The free ions shigar da yanayi na iyakacin duniya ruwa kwayoyin. Wannan harsashi, wanda aka kafa a kusa da su, ana kiran hydrated ka'idar rarrabawar electrolytic.

Amma ka'idar rushewar electrolytic Arrhenius yayi bayanin yadda aka samar da masu jefa lantarki ba kawai a cikin mafita ba. Za a iya lattice kwakwalwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar zazzabi. Cikakken crystal, zamu sami sakamakon mummunan oscillation na ions a shafukan lattice, wanda hakan yakan kai ga halakar crystal kuma bayyanar da aka narke gaba daya dauke da ions.

Komawa zuwa mafita, ya kamata mu yi la'akari da dukiyar kayan abu, wanda muke kira ƙananan abu. Mafi kyawun wakilin wannan iyali shine ruwa. Babban alama shine gaban kwayoyin dipole, watau. Lokacin da daga ƙarshen ƙarshen ana cajin kwayoyin ta gaskiya, kuma daga ɗayan yana da mummunan. Ruwan ruwa ya cika dukkan waɗannan bukatu, amma ruwa ba kawai ƙanshi ba ne.

A tsari na iya haifar da electrolytic dissociation da kuma wadanda ba mai ruwa-ruwa iyakacin duniya kaushi, misali, ruwa sulfur dioxide, ruwa ammonia, da sauransu. Duk da haka, shi ne ruwa da ya mamaye babban sarari a cikin wannan jerin saboda ta dũkiyar raunanar (soke) da electrostatic janye da kuma halakar da crystalline raga bayyana musamman mai haske. Saboda haka, zancen mafita, muna nufin taya a kan ruwa.

Bincike mai zurfi game da dukiyar masu amfani da wutar lantarki ya sa ya yiwu ya ci gaba da fahimtar ƙarfinsu da kuma digiri na rashin daidaituwa. A karkashin mataki na dissociation na electrolyte ake nufi da rabo daga barranta kwayoyin zuwa ga total number. A yiwuwar zaɓaɓɓen wutar lantarki wannan haɗin yana cikin kewayon daga sifilin zuwa dayantaka, kuma mataki na rashin daidaituwa daidai da zero yana nuna cewa muna hulɗa da waɗanda ba zaɓaɓɓe ba. Ƙara darajar rashin daidaituwa yana haifar da karuwa a cikin zafin jiki na bayani.

Ƙin ƙarfin masu amfani da wutar lantarki an ƙaddara ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin ɗaukar hankali da yawan zazzabi. Mai karfi masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna da matsayi na rashin daidaituwa. Waɗannan su ne salts soluble, alkalis, acid.

Ka'idar sasantawa ta hanyar zaɓuɓɓuka ta hanyar yin amfani da electrolytic ya sa ya yiwu a bayyana fasalin abubuwa masu ban mamaki wadanda ke nazarin tsarin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilimin kimiyya na tsire-tsire da dabbobi, da kuma ilimin kimiyya.