Megalithic Tsarin:-daban da kuma irin

A surface na duniya, tare da togiya na Australia, akwai mutane da yawa m da kuma zamanin da gine-gine. Modern bincike ya nuna cewa su an gina a cikin Neolithic, Chalcolithic da Bronze Age. A baya can an yi tunanin cewa duk su wakiltar wani na kowa al'ada, amma a yau fiye da more masana kimiyya an hõre wannan ka'idar a cikin tambaya. Saboda haka, wanda kuma ya sa wadannan megalithic Tsarin aka halitta? Me ya sa suka yi wannan ko wancan tsari da kuma wannan yake nufi? Inda ba za ka iya ganin Monuments na zamanin d al'ada?

Mene ne megaliths?

Kafin la'akari da karatu megalithic Tsarin, kana bukatar ka fahimci abin da abubuwa da suka iya ƙunsar. Yau an dauke su da karami naúrar na irin kayayyaki megalith. Kalmar da aka hukuma da ya sa a cikin kimiyya terminology a 1867, tare da jerawa da wani English gwani A. Herbert. The kalmar "megalith" Greek, yana nufin "babban dutse" an fassara zuwa Rasha.

Daidai da kuma iyakarsa definition daga abin da yake megaliths, ba ya wanzu ba tukuna. Yau da wannan lokaci da ake nufi tsoho gine-gine da aka yi da dutse tubalan, faranti ko sauki lumps na daban-daban masu girma dabam ba tare da yin amfani da wani bonding ko karfafa qagaggun da kuma mafita. A sauki nau'i na megalithic Tsarin, kunsha na daya kawai naúrar - shi menhirs.

Babban fasali na megalithic Tsarin

A daban-daban sau daban-daban al'ummai gina babbar constructions na manyan duwatsu, tubalan da slabs. Haikali a Baalbek da pyramids na Misira ma megaliths, su kawai ba su yarda don haka ya kira. Saboda haka, megalithic Tsarin - a dama kayayyaki halitta daban-daban tsoho wayewar da kuma hada da manyan duwatsu ko slabs. Duk da haka, duk gine-gine da suke dauke megaliths, akwai da dama daga siffofin, su a haɗe:

1. Dukan su suna sanya daga duwatsu, tubalan da slabs giant size, nauyi wanda za a iya Range daga dama dubun kilo zuwa daruruwan ton.

2. A zamanin d megalithic Tsarin aka gina daga sturdy da kuma resistant zuwa karaya kankara: limestones, andesites, basalts, diorites da sauransu.

3. A lokacin da shiri na ciminti da ba a amfani - ko dai a cikin bayani ga kayyade ko don yi na tubalan.

4. Mafi yawan gine-gine da farfajiya na tubalan daga abin da suke an hada, a hankali sarrafa da kuma wani ɓaɓɓake kansu shige tam ga juna. The daidaito shi ne irin abin da tsakanin biyu megalithic tubalan na volcanic dutse ba zai iya tsaya wuka ruwa.

5. Sau da yawa tsira da wani ɓaɓɓake daga megalithic gine-gine na baya wayewar amfani da kafuwar ga nasu gine-gine, kamar yadda za a iya gani a cikin gine-gine a kan Dutsen Haikali a Urushalima.

Sa'ad da aka halicce?

Mafi yawa daga megalithic shafukan located a Birtaniya, Ireland da kuma sauran kasashen yamma kasashen Turai nema a mayar da V-IV Millennium BC. e. Located a kan ƙasa na kasar mu da mafi tsoho megalithic Tsarin kasance a cikin IV -II Millennium BC

Iri megalithic Tsarin

All iri-iri na megalithic Tsarin za a iya yanaye kasu kashi biyu kungiyoyin:

• binne.
• babu jana'izar:
• ƙazantaccen.
• alfarma.

Idan binne megaliths ne fiye ko žasa da hujjõji, a nan ne da nada ƙazantaccen Tsarin, kamar daban-daban da lissafin giant ganuwar da kuma hanyoyi, fama da zama hasumiya, da masu bincike yayata. Babu cikakken ne kuma abin dogara bayani game da yadda za a yi amfani da zamanin d mutane alfarma megalithic Tsarin: menhirs, cromlechs da sauransu.

Abin da suke?

The fi na kowa iri na megaliths ne:

• menhirs - guda, vertically kafa dutse-stele up to 20 mita high.
• dolmen - tarayya da dama daga cikin mafi girma menhirs kusa, forming wani rabin zoɓe ko da'irar.
• dolmens - ya fi na kowa nau'i na megaliths a Turai, da ya ƙunshi daya ko fiye babban dutse slabs aza a kan sauran boulders da boulders.
• shirayin - daya daga cikin iri dolmenov juna.
• trilit - dutse tsarin kunsha na biyu ko fiye tsaye da kuma a daya aza a saman su horizontally, duwatsu.
• Taula - yi na dutse a cikin nau'i na Rasha haruffa "T".
• cairn, kuma aka sani da suna "cairn" ko "yawon shakatawa" - karkashin kasa da tsarin ko ƙasa, dage farawa daga cikin wani nau'i na mazugi na wani jam'i na duwatsu.
• dutse layuka - an saita vertically da layi daya tubalan na dutse.
• Seid - dutse dutse ko block, ko in ba haka ba kafa da mutane a cikin wani musamman wuri, yawanci a wani dagagge wuri, domin daban-daban bikin asiri.

Waɗannan su ne kawai mafi yawan sanannun iri megalithic Tsarin. Bari mu zauna a kan wasu daga cikinsu.

dolmen

Fassara daga Breton cikin Rasha harshen nufin "dutse tebur". Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi kunshi uku duwatsu, daya daga wanda ya ta'allaka ne a kan biyu vertically saka a cikin wani "U" harafi. Ancient mutane a gina irin wannan Tsarin ba da bin wani guda makirci, don haka dolmens bambance-bambancen karatu dauke da daban-daban ayyuka - mai yawa. Mafi shahara megalithic Tsarin irin wannan suna located a kan Rum da kuma Atlantic ƙasar Afirka da kuma Turai, India, Scandinavia, da Caucasus.

Trillo

A subspecies na dolmen, kunsha na duwatsu uku, masana kimiyya imani trilit. Yawanci, irin wannan lokaci ne ba zartar da wani dabam located megalithic da Monuments wani bangare ne na hadadden Tsarin. Alal misali, a cikin wani da aka sani megalithic hadaddun kamar yadda Stonehendge tsakiyar ɓangare kunshi biyar trilitov.

cairn

Wani irin megalithic constructions ne cairn, ko yawon shakatawa. Wannan mazugi-dimbin yawa tudun duwatsu, ko da yake a Ireland karkashin wannan sunan ne kawai don fahimtar tsarin da biyar duwatsu. Su za a iya located a farfajiya na duniya, da kuma a karkashin shi. A kimiyya da'irori karkashin cairn kullum ya unsa megalithic Tsarin karkashin kasa: mazes, galleries da kuma binne bẽnãye.

menhirs

A mafi tsufa da kuma sauki nau'i na megalithic - menhirs. Wannan tsari guda da vertically m boulders ko duwatsu. Daga cikin saba, na halitta boulders menhirs daban-daban surface da burbushi na tarbiyyar da kuma cewa su a tsaye girma ne ko da yaushe mafi girma daga kwance. Suna iya zama ko dai freestanding ko ɓangare na hadaddun na megalithic gidaje.

A cikin Caucasus, menhirs da aka dimbin yawa kifi kira Vishaps. A cikin Yaren Kasar Larabawa, a cikin abin da yake a yanzu Faransa, a cikin Crimea da kuma Black Sea yankin zauna kyakkyawa da yawa anthropomorphic magalitov - dutse sculptures.

Postmegaliticheskimi menhirs an kuma Ya halitta yawa daga baya runic duwatsu, da na dutse crosses.

cromlech

Da dama menhirs kafa a wani rabin zoɓe ko da'irar da kuma saman rufe dutse slabs, kira cromlechs. Mafi shahara misali - Stonehenge. Duk da haka, wasu fiye da zagaye, rectangular kuma akwai cromlechs, kamar a cikin Morbihan ko Khakassia. A tsibirin Malta, cromlechs haikali gidaje gina a cikin nau'i na "petals". Don ƙirƙirar wadannan megalithic Tsarin amfani ba kawai dutse, amma kuma itace, wanda aka tabbatar da binciken samu a lokacin archaeological aiki a cikin harshen Turanci County na Norfolk.

"Gudun hijira duwatsu Lapland"

Mafi na kowa megalithic constructions Rasha, m kamar yadda na iya sauti - Sejdiu - babbar boulders, saka a kan wani karamin tsayawar. Wani lokaci na asali dunƙule qawatawa daya ko dama kananan duwatsu suya a "dala". Wannan irin megaliths tartsatsi daga tekun na Onega da Ladoga tabkuna saukar zuwa bakin tekun na Barents Sea, wato, a kusa da arewacin Turai ɓangare na Rasha. A cikin Kola Larabawa a Karelia faruwa seids size daga dama dubun santimita zuwa shida mita da kuma wani nauyi na dama kilo zuwa dama ton, dangane da dutse daga abin da suka kasance sanya. Bugu da kari ga Rasha ta Arewa, sallama mai yawa na irin wannan megaliths samu a cikin taiga yankuna na Finland, da tsakiya da arewacin kasar Norway, da Sweden duwãtsu.

Seydy iya zama guda, girma da kuma nauyi, qunshi daga game da goma ga dama da ɗari megalithic.