Mene ne ƙarfin lantarki auna? Unit na ji na lantarki ƙarfin lantarki

Shin yana yiwuwa su yi tunanin rayuwa ba tare da wutar lantarki? Mutumin zamani ne tam kewaye kansa da kayan da cewa taimaka a rayuwa. Ba za mu iya kwatanta kaina da rayuwa ba tare da kaifin baki iyali da wasu mataimaka.

Da dabara aka ƙara motsi da yin amfani da wutar lantarki. Ko kai ne a hankali canjawa wuri zuwa lantarki Motors, wanda rage muhimmanci da lalacewar yanayi.

Yau za mu yi kokarin amsa wadannan tambayoyi:

• Mene ne wutar lantarki?
• Mene ne ƙarfin lantarki?
• Ta yaya domin sanin irin ƙarfin lantarki?
• Mene ne ƙarfin lantarki auna?

Mene ne halin yanzu?

A farkon ya nazarin wutar lantarki samu ta hanyar gogayya na jiki daya da juna. Manyan reserves na cajin za a iya samu a lokacin da wani walƙiya hadari, ta yin amfani da halitta sallama - walƙiya. An sani cewa wannan Hanyar kudin rayuwar dalibi M. V. Lomonosova - Richter.

Jami'in kanta da wuya a yi amfani da impractical. Yana bukatar samun umurninsa - da lantarki. yanzu Properties:

• dumama shugaba.
• sinadaran mataki.
• inji mataki.
• Magnetic sakamako.

Suna amfani da rayuwar yau da kullum da kuma fasaha. A zama dole yanayin ga wanzuwar halin yanzu kasancewa yana dauke da wani halin yanzu source of free lantarki zargin da rufaffiyar shugaba.

harka tarihi

A 1792, sanannen Italian likita da physiologist kirkiro Alessandro Volta sha'awar fil National Luigi Galvani a kan yanayin halin yanzu hatsaisai a dabba gabobin. Dogon lokacin da kallo na cikin hali na frogs kafafu, gyarawa a kan wani karfe da ƙugiya, kyale shi ya kammala da cewa, tushen da wutar lantarki ba a rayuwarku kwayoyin, kuma da lamba na jũna karafa. Wannan shã'aninku taimaka wa kwarara daga wutar lantarki, da kuma dauki na jijiya endings - kawai physiological sakamako na yanzu.

A musamman samu da ya kai ga halittar tushen duniya na farko DC, mai lakabin "Voltaic tari". Mabambantan karafa (Volta da'awar su dole ne a cire daga juna a cikin wani adadin sinadaran abubuwa) an aza takarda impregnated da ruwa "shugaba na biyu irin".

Wannan na'urar ya zama na farko DC ƙarfin lantarki Madogararsa. Unit na ji na lantarki ƙarfin lantarki immortalized sunan Alessandro Volta.

A m halin yanzu source

Babban kashi na kewaye - a halin yanzu Madogararsa. Its manufa - don ƙirƙirar wani lantarki filin karkashin mataki na wanda da free caje barbashi (electrons, ions) zo a cikin directed motsi. Tara a cikin mutum tushen abubuwa zargin (kira a matsayin sandunan) da daban-daban da ãyõyinMu. Sake rabawa cajin kanta a ciki tushen maras lantarki yanayi a karkashin mataki na sojojin (inji, sunadarai, Magnetic, thermal, da dai sauransu). An lantarki filin da aka halitta da sandunan da na yanzu source, samar da aikin na motsi a cajin a cikin rufaffiyar shugaba. A kan bukatar haifar da rufaffiyar-madauki DC ce mafi Alessandro Volta.

Tun da kafofin ƙarƙashin rinjayar da ba-lantarki sojojin na yanayi, da cajin motsi, sa'an nan shi za a iya bayar da hujjar cewa wadannan sojojin yi aiki. Ku kira su da wasu kamfanoni. A rabo daga waje sojojin aiki a kan cajin canja wuri a cikin halin yanzu source ga girma da electromotive karfi ne ake kira cajin.

A ilmin lissafi magana na wannan dangantaka:

• E = A _v: q,

inda E - electromotive karfi (EMF), A _karni - aiki na waje sojojin, q - cajin ɗauke da waje sojojin a cikin Madogararsa.

EMF characterizes da ikon haifar da tushen halin yanzu, amma babban halayyar ne, wani lokacin salihai tushe ne irin ƙarfin lantarki (m bambanci).

irin ƙarfin lantarki

A rabo daga filin aiki a kan cajin motsi a cikin shugaba da darajar da cajin ƙarfin lantarki da aka kira.

Don ayyana shi, dole ne mu daraja aiki na filin kasu kashi yawan kyauta. Bari A - aikin yi da lantarki filin ikon source for motsi da cajin q. U - lantarki ƙarfin lantarki. Ilmin Lissafi rikodin m ga dabara:

• U = A: q.

Kamar yadda da wani jiki yawa ne ƙarfin lantarki ji naúrar. Mene ne ƙarfin lantarki auna? By da sunan kirkiro na duniya na farko DC tushen Alessandro Volta wannan girma ba da kansa naúrar. The duniya tsarin ƙarfin lantarki da aka auna a volts (V).

Awon karfin wuta na 1 V ne dauke da irin ƙarfin lantarki lantarki filin ya aikata aiki a 1 J ga motsi a lura 1 CL.

• B = J / C = N • m / (A • c) • m = kg / (A • c ^3).

Ainihin raka'a na SI naúrar na ji na lantarki ƙarfin lantarki:

• kg • m / (A • c ^3).

ake bukata adadin

Me bai isa ba, ta kwatanta halin yanzu, gabatar da manufar halin yanzu? A tunani gwaji. A sha biyu daban-daban fitilu: talakawa iyali fitilar da fitilar da tocila. Idan ka haɗa su don daban-daban ikon kafofin (birane cibiyar sadarwa da baturi), za ka iya samu daidai da wannan amperage. A daidai wannan iyali fitilar samar da karin haske, wato, da aikin na yanzu a shi ne yafi.

Daban-daban kafofin na wutar lantarki da daban-daban voltages. Saboda haka, wannan darajar yana da muhimmanci.

A amfani misalin

Fahimtar jiki ma'anar ƙarfin lantarki zo, idan haske game da ban sha'awa misalin. A cikin sadarwa tasoshin ruwa gudana daga tube cikin tube, idan akwai wani matsin lamba bambanci a cikinta. ruwa ya kwarara da aka tsaya a hali na daidaici da matsin lamba.

Idan aka kwatanta da ruwa ya kwarara nassi na wutar lantarki, sa'an nan da bambanci matsa lamba ruwa shafi taka guda rawa a matsayin m bambanci a cikin halin yanzu Madogararsa.

matakai rakiyar har cajin redistribution a cikin halin yanzu source faruwa a zura sandunan, shi ne iya haifar da wani halin yanzu a cikin shugaba. A irin ƙarfin lantarki na lantarki halin yanzu auna a volts, shi ne matsa lamba bambanci ji naúrar - Pascal.

AC

A lantarki yanzu daga lokaci zuwa lokaci ta sauya shugabanci da aka kira wani m. Ya halitta wani alternating ƙarfin lantarki Madogararsa. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne wani janareta. Bari mu yi kokarin bayyana: abin da aka auna da wani AC ƙarfin lantarki?

A manufa na ƙarni na yanzu dangane da sabon abu na electromagnetic shigar da. Juyawa na rufaffiyar madauki a cikin Magnetic filin take kaiwa zuwa m bambanci a cikin shugaba. Awon karfin wuta da aka auna a volts kuma a cikin akwati na canza halin yanzu.

Za mu iya ce cewa irin ƙarfin lantarki ba ya canja? Babu shakka, saboda canje-canje a cikin kwana tsakanin jirgin sama na madauki da al'ada a cikinta generated ƙarfin lantarki dabam tare da lokaci. Its darajar qara daga sifili zuwa iyakar darajar da to, da dama baya ga sifili. Magana game da wani daraja ba lallai ba ne. Shigar da ake kira ainihin irin ƙarfin lantarki ne:

• U _d = U: √2.

Abin kida auna ƙarfin lantarki?

Na'ura for aunawa da irin ƙarfin lantarki - voltmeter. A ka'ida ta aiki dogara ne a kan hulda da madauki halin yanzu kuma da halin maganaɗisu filin na dindindin maganadisu. An sani cewa a halin yanzu madauki da aka juya su a cikin wani Magnetic filin. Dangane da girma na halin yanzu a cikin madauki dabam da kwana na juyawa.

Idan kwane-kwane don haɗa da kibiya, shi deviates daga sifili lokacin da wani halin yanzu gudana a cikin da'ira (yawanci a nada). Dangane da abin da ƙarfin lantarki da aka auna, da kayan aiki ne calibrated sikelin. Zai yiwu amfani da sub-, sau da sau.

A cikin hali na low dabi'u na ƙarfin lantarki auna a millivolts ko microvolts. A akasin wannan, a high-ƙarfin lantarki networks yin amfani da mahara raka'a.

Duk wani voltmeter an haɗa a layi daya da sarkar rabo, inda ƙarfin lantarki ji ne da za'ayi. Babban dukiya da kayan aiki madauki za a iya kira wani babban ohmic juriya. Voltmeter, ko da abin da ya auna ƙarfin lantarki kamata ba shafar ƙarfi daga cikin halin yanzu a cikin kewaye. Kamar yadda wuce negligible halin yanzu ba tare da muhimmanci influencing da asali darajar.

Table voltages

jiki na'urar	A irin ƙarfin lantarki a fadin ta tashoshi, a
Voltaic tari	1.1
baturi tocila	1.5
alkaline baturi	1.25
gubar-acid cell	2
birane cibiyar sadarwa	220
High-ƙarfin lantarki ikon line	500000
Tsakanin girgije a wani mamakon	Up zuwa miliyan 100

Practical aikace-aikace na voltmeter

Don yin tasiri amfani da voltmeter kamata koyi yadda za a yi amfani da shi. M experimenter zai so ya shawarci tare da makaranta da malamai.

School of Physics Cabinets sanye take dakin gwaje-gwaje zanga-zanga da kuma na'urorin ga aunawa voltages.

Amfani da wani voltmeter ya kamata a hankali lura sauki sharudda:

1. Voltmeter yana da wani matsakaicin iyaka na ji. Wannan shi ne mafi girma da daraja a kan ta sikelin. Ba lallai ba ne to connect da shi zuwa ga kewaye hada da wani kashi mafi girma ƙarfin lantarki.
2. Idan babu sauran source, ko wani voltmeter, za ka iya amfani da tsarin na ƙarin resistances. A wannan yanayin, sikelin da voltmeter kamata kuma a canza.
3. A DC lantarki kewaye da alaka dangane da alamar da cajin nuni tashoshi. A tabbatacce m na yanzu tushen ake bukata da za a haɗa da kyau m na voltmeter, korau - to korau. Idan rikita, sa'an nan da kayan aiki allura iya tanƙwara, wanda yake shi ne musamman a ke so.
4. All sadarwa suna yi ne kawai zuwa ga de-da kuzari kewaye.

cutarwa

A lantarki halin yanzu bazai hadari ga mutane. Yana dauke m ƙarfin lantarki kasa da 24 V.

Action karkashin birane cibiyar sadarwa halin yanzu ƙarfin lantarki (220) ne isasshe m. Da taba da fallasa lambobi tare da wani gagarumin "lantarki buga".

Tashin hankali a lokacin da hadari ya wuce irin wannan babban halin yanzu ta hanyar jikin mutum, wanda ya razana mutuwarsa. Kada hadarin da rayukansu da kuma kiwon lafiya.