M - shi ... parasites: misalai, da sunaye, da hotuna

Rayuwa duniya na wannan duniya tamu ne musamman bambancin da kuma musamman. Yana da wuya a fito da wani abu mafi kyau, cikakke kuma mai ban mamaki. Shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da fungi, kwayoyin cuta - duk su a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban don daidaita da zama, suna da nasu rarrabe fasali. Kowane jiki o ƙarin zauna ta muhalli alkuki, ya zama wani ɓangare na] aukacin da'irar rayuwa. Saboda haka, da kuma shirya don haka kamar yadda ka iya, ta amfani da dukkan samuwa wajen yin haka.

Environmental kungiyoyin kwayoyin bisa ga iri Gwamuwar

Hakika, zama a wannan ƙasa, kuma sau da yawa tare da wani irin ikon source, duk halittu masu rai suna tilasta juna a lokacin da hulda. All za a iya gano 9 iri Gwamuwar kwayoyin:

1. Neutralism - jinsunan ba dogara da juna, kuma ba su da alaka da wani hulda.
2. Gasar - interspecific da intraspecific. Healthy source na halitta raguwa a yawan jinsuna, da kama yankunan da a wasu iri na shuke-shuke da dabbobi.
3. Mutualism ko symbiosis - wani irin dangantaka iri cikinsa yardatayya da hada kai da juna. A wannan yanayin, da amfani a bayyane yake ga jam'iyyun biyu. Misali: mycorrhiza da kuma tushen itatuwa, nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin da kuma shuke-shuke da sauransu.
4. Interspecific juna. A irin dangantaka, a cikin abin da wakilan daban-daban iri iri suna da ha kan daya maƙiyi, taimaka juna parasites, kuma haka a. D.
5. Commensalism da electrophoresis - rayuwar wani ya fi girma master ne tushen tsari ko abinci ga sauran, karami jinsunan. Harm na'am da ba daya ba kuma sauran, da yin amfani da daya mai gefe.
6. Amensalizm - rayuwar daya daga cikin jiki disrupts al'ada zama na sauran. Misali: bishiya da ciyawa da ke ƙasa da shi ba samun isasshen haske.
7. Parasitism, a lokacin da daya jinsin - mai shi, da sauran - da baƙo, haddasa babban lahani ga lafiya da kuma rayuwa da kwayoyin. Class of parasites ne quite m. Evolutionary irin kwayoyin bi hanyar komawa da baya. Daga cikin su akwai wakilan duk mulkokin yanayi.
8. Predation - cin more iko irin weaker. Babban darajar - tsari na yawan jinsunan da tsarkakewa daga cikin marasa lafiya da rauni wakilan.
9. Allelopathy - sinadaran ciki tsakanin wasu jinsunan da shuke-shuke.

Daya daga cikin mafi tsanani, shafi lafiyar dan adam da kuma siffofin hulda tsakanin kwayoyin ne parasitism. Bari mu yi la'akari da shi a cikin mafi daki-daki.

M - wanda shi ne wannan?

Idan ajali zahiri fassara, yana nufin "kusa abinci", "gaba da abinci." Wannan shi ne riga sun fi mayar da bayyana abin da irin dabba. Parasites - kwayoyin cewa wanzu a kudi na mai rai, ya magance ciki ko waje da kuma cinye sharar kayayyakin. Sa babban lalacewa, sau da yawa m.

M - shi ne wanda ya na zaune domin wasu a duk hankula da kuma madaidaci. Akwai wakilan da suka shirya a cikin mutane, da dabbobi, da shuke-shuke. Sa da yawa daga cututtuka kai ga, abin mãye da guba sannu a hankali kashe rundunar jiki daga ciki. A bayyanar da ciki tsarin ne sosai bambancin parasites. Photos of yawa daga gare su, za a iya gani a cikin labarin. Sami wakilan iya koma zuwa da wadannan kwayoyin:

1. Parasitic shuke-shuke.
2. Kwaro parasites.
3. Protozoa.
4. Dabbobi.
5. Namomin kaza.
6. Kwayoyin cutar.

Babu shakka cewa irin wannan rayuwa siffofin da tsakanin kowane mulkin. Bari mu bincika wasu daga cikinsu la'akari da salon fasali na tsarin da lalacewar da masu.

celled parasites

A mafi karami mambobi na wannan muhalli kungiyoyin na kwayoyin. Sau da yawa quite indistinguishable da ido tsirara. Da siffofin a cikin tsarin:

• Jikin siffar iya zama m, amma zai iya bambanta saboda rashi da harsashi da kuma turgor.
• ninka biyu jima'i da kuma asexually (dangane da muhalli da yanayi).
• Ya ƙunshi musamman abubuwa da ba su da damar su za a narkewar a cikin rundunar kwayoyin.
• Yana iya zama na lokaci mai tsawo a Jihar rasa farko trimester na rayuwa tafiyar matakai, wani irin barci (cysts).
• numfashi a ko'ina cikin jiki surface.
• matsawa ta amfani da cilia ko flagella, prolegs.

Iri parasitic protozoa

Celled m - wannan zama hadari, daukar kwayar cutar daga mutum zuwa dabba, kuma mataimakin versa, haddasa wata yawan tsanani da kuma kawo hadari cuta a cikin rundunar. Hankula misalai ne:

• Leishmania.
• trypanosomes.
• Plasmodium falciparum.
• dysentery amoeba.
• Toxoplasma.
• babesia.
• gregarines da sauransu.

Parasites, waɗanda sunayensu aka jera a sama, sun samar da wannan sunan da cuta a cikin mutane da dabbobi, da sakamakon wanda ko da bayan lura zama dire. Jikin fata, da ciwon da mummunar bayyanar, da shafa yankunan waje da kayan ciki, tabarbarewar general physiological jihar, rashin barci, rashin haihuwa da kuma waɗansu da yawa.

Leishmania

Daya daga cikin mafiya hatsari guda-celled halittun da mutane da dabbobin da yawa ne Leishmania. Irin m - wani microscopic kwayoyin ciwon a daya karshen jikin flagellum da sauran - blefaroplast. A tsakiyar ɓangare yana dauke da core. Shirya wadannan halittu a cikin baƙin ciki, hanta da kuma bargo. Suka ciyar a kan abinda ke ciki na sel, inhibiting su ikon zama. Shin iya ninka hanzari, sa'an nan za a fara yin illa rundunar. Canjawa wuri kwari irin kwari.

Da cutar, wanda ya haddasa protozoan m kira Leishmania. Yana iya faruwa a biyu siffofin:

• bushe.
• kũka.

Yana bayyana a cikin festering raunuka a kan fata, cikin sauri yada duk kan jiki. Jiyya dogon, nauyi, wani lokacin lokaci isa shekara. Main wurin rarraba da kamuwa da cuta daga cikin m - India, Italy, Sin da Iran.

trypanosome

Protozoan m cewa sa mai tsanani cututtuka. Mafi na kowa - barci cuta. Trypanosomes wanzu a daban-daban siffofin. Places shigar azzakari cikin farji da kuma lalata a cikin jiki:

• Lymph da jini;
• kwakwalwa da kuma laka.
• serous ruwa.

A m da cutar - da tsetse gardama, kwari. Yana wãtsa, yafi a Afirka. Symptomatology barci amai:

• alamar kumburi a jikinsa a kan fata, ciki wanda ninka da kuma ci gaba parasites.
• dizziness.
• tashin zuciya.
• asarar daidaituwa.
• neurological cuta.
• shafi tunanin mutum retardation.
• high gajiya.
• raunanar da na rigakafi da tsarin da sauransu.

Zai yiwu a cikin shakka daga wani more m tsari, shi ƙare a mutuwa. Jiyya na tsanani, domin watanni har ma shekaru. Shi ne mafi kyau ga gudanar da rigakafin da kuma samar da wata barã'aa ga m, a musamman ɓullo da hanyoyin.

Parasites tsakanin kwari

Akwai ma quite mai yawa, sa wani lokacin suna matukar hatsari da kuma tsanani cuta. Mafi na kowa kwaro kwari:

• kwarkwata - m jiki parasites na dabbobi masu shayarwa (ciki har da mutane), na iya haifar da cututtuka irin su typhus.
• gwanjo - sha jinin dumin jiki halittu, haddasa annoba.
• Daban-daban kwari - feed amma kumfa, kuma rubabben kwayoyin sharan, sa mutane da dabbobi cututtuka irin annoba, dysentery, typhoid, Anthrax, da tarin fuka, kamu da parasitic tsutsotsi.
• gado kwari - ciji ta hanyar fata, ciyar da jini, sa cutar, rashin lafiyan.
• zazzabin cizon sauro sauro - tsaka-tsaki runduna da cewa kawo plasmodium da cewa yana sa da zazzabin cizon sauro ci gaba;
• doki kwari da kuma gadflies - sha jinin dabbobi, infecting su tare da daban-daban cututtuka.

Wadannan parasites - misalai na kwayoyin, daga abin da ka iya ware kanka da kuma iyalanka, idan kun tsayar da m, na sirri kiwon lafiya da kuma ci gaba domin dabbobi.

tongs

A mafi hatsari tsakanin kwari ne Tick-haifa Encephalitis. A gaskiya, kamar yadda shi ne ake kira da cutar, da ci gaban da shi tsokani. A gaskiya, wannan kwaro ne da ake kira "taiga" da "kare kaska". The sosai karamin dabba, har zuwa 4 mm, a tsawon. Duk da haka, ta cizo ne musamman m. Tare da yau a cikin jinin mutum samun encephalitis cutar. Kara ci gaba da cutar za ta dogara ne a kan wanda aka azabtar ya rigakafi da tsarin. Idan ya ke da isasshen ƙarfi, cutar ba za ta ci gaba. Idan ba haka ba, sakamakon zai zama mai tsanani. Mafi na kowa sakamakon encephalitic cuta:

• zazzabi.
• maye.
• kwakwalwa lalacewa.
• meningitis.
• neurological cuta.
• shafi tunanin mutum da cuta.
• mutuwa.

Babu shakka cewa shi ne hadarin gaske musamman da m ga mutane irin parasites. Photo kaska za a iya gani a kasa.

parasitic shuke-shuke

Duk da shuke-shuke da Hanyar autotrophs iko. Saboda haka wanda zai yi tunanin. Duk da haka, shi ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikinsu ciyar heterotrophically, kasancewa ko dai parasites, ko da yara. Mafi na kowa siffofin da suke zaune a kudi na mai shi da kuma haddasa irreparable wata cũta, su ne:

• broomrape.
• dodder.
• rackwheel.
• mistletoe.
• ƙaras manyan;
• rafflesiaceae wakilan.

Magance kan al'adu shuka iri, parasites, exemplified sama, haddasa su tsanani cuta, sau da yawa sakamakon mutuwa da kuma muhimmanci rage da ake samu da kuma amfanin gona. Da yaki da irin wannan kwayoyin tana kasancewa ne sosai aiki mutum.

Sauran siffofin ba su zauna a kan horar da shuke-shuke, da kuma a kan kowane sauran - itatuwa, shrubs, ganye da sauransu. Kuma kawai hanyar da suke da wata iri-iri na cututtuka, ya dauke gina jiki da kuma ruwa, hana rai.

mistletoe

Hankula parasites a kan itatuwa - mistletoe. Mafi na kowa da irin - mistletoe fentin. Ga alama quite lush da kyau, amma mai shi na cewa tsotsa da sap, kodadde da kuma bushe. Saiwoyinsa mistletoe weaves a kambi na itãciya, kuma haka yana da damar zuwa duk ma'adinai mahadi da kuma ruwa.

Azahiri mistletoe yana da nau'i na wani Evergreen magnificently flowering daji an zubar a kan rassan ko kambi na rundunar. Wanne itatuwa fi fama da wannan m?

1. Fruit amfanin gona.
2. Birch.
3. Poplar.
4. Maples.
5. Pine.
6. Willow.
7. Locust.

The kowa mutane kuma yana da sunan "tsuntsu manne" da "oak berries."

animal parasites

Daga cikin dabbobi, da parasitic hanyar rayuwa su ne mafi yawa tsutsotsi: zagaye, lebur, da sauransu. Shafi huhu, zuciya, narkewa kamar gabobin, jini da lymphatic tsarin, hanta. A tsutsa adapts rayuwa a cikin jiki haka cewa babu wata cũta ba biya shi wani master. A m yana da:

• musamman harsashi da kare daga narkewa da na ciki da ruwan 'ya'yan itace.
• hooks, majajjawa ko wasu tsarin domin gudanar da motsi.
• Saukake tsarin na gabobin.
• da ikon radiyo da jinkiri dubban qwai a lokaci guda.

Mafi na kowa tsutsotsi cewa infest wani mutum, kamar haka: tapeworm, tapeworm Bovine da kuma gajeren, Ascaris, kamar su Trichinella, Dirofilaria, loiasis, schistosomes, whipworm, da sauransu.

Sau da yawa daga parasitic tsutsotsi, shi rinjayar da yara, tun titi wasanni sakaci m. Shi ne ma mafi m kafofin na samu - nama, kifi da kuma sauran gina jiki kayayyakin, wanda da kasa zafi magani.