Nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin: mazauninsu, aiki

Kwayoyin cutar - wani ra'ayi saba wa kowa da kowa. Samun cuku da kuma yogurt, maganin rigakafi, najasa magani - duk wadannan sa shi yiwuwa a single-celled kwayan kwayoyin. Bari ta samun Masana su kusa.

Su wane ne kwayoyin cuta?

Wakilai na wannan daula yanayi wakiltar guda rukuni na prokaryotes - kwayoyin, Kwayoyin suna hana tsakiya. Amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa ba su dauke da kwayoyin bayanai. DNA din ya kasance free a cikin cytoplasm, kuma ba su kewaye da harsashi.

Saboda su microscopic size - har zuwa 20 microns, kwayoyin kimiyya nazarin ilimin. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa prokaryotes iya zama unicellular ko shiga a cikin mallaka. Bã su da wani fairly m tsarin. Bugu da kari da tsakiya bacteria kwace duk iri plastids, Golgi hadaddun, EPS, lysosomes da mitochondria. Amma duk da wannan, da kwayan cell ne iya yin mafi muhimmanci tafiyar matakai na rayuwa: anaerobic numfasawa ba tare da oxygen, heterotrophic da autotrophic abinci mai gina jiki, sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, da kuma samuwar cysts yayin da fuskantar m yanayi.

azuzuwan da kwayoyin cuta

Ya dogara ne a kan rarrabuwa da daban-daban da ãyõyinMu. Daya daga cikinsu - wani nau'i na cell. Alal misali, sama da tsari vibrio waƙafi, cocci - taso siffar. karkace ra'ayoyi da spirilla, da kuma sanda-dimbin yawa - bacilli.

Bugu da ƙari, cikin kwayoyin ake hada cikin kungiyoyin dangane da halaye na tsarin tantanin halitta. Wadannan su iya kafa wata} mucous kwantena a kusa da kansa Kwayoyin kuma suna sanye take da flagella.

Cyanobacteria, ko blue-kore algae, suna iya photosynthesis kuma tare da namomin kaza ana ɓangare na lichen.

Mutane da yawa iri kwayoyin ne iya symbiosis - mai amfanar da cohabitation kwayoyin. Nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin shirya a kan tushen da legumes da sauran shuke-shuke, ya kafa nodules. Menene nodule kwayoyin cuta, da sauki tsammani. Sun maida yanayi nitrogen, wanda shi ne don haka wajibi ne ga ci gaban da shuke-shuke.

wadata hanyoyin

Prokaryotes ne a rukuni na kwayoyin, waxanda suke da samuwa duk halaye na ciyar. Saboda haka, kore da kuma shunayya kwayoyin ciyar a kan autotrophic, da makamashin hasken rana. Saboda gaban plastids shi za a iya fentin a launi daban-daban, amma ko da yaushe dauke da chlorophyll. Kwayan da kuma shuka photosynthesis bambanta muhimmanci. A kwayoyin cuta, da ruwa, ba a bukatar reagent. A electron bayarwa iya zama hydrogen ko hydrogen sulfide, saboda haka, oxygen ba saki a lokacin da wannan tsari.

A babban rukuni na kwayoyin ciyar heterotrophically, t. E. Shirye kwayoyin abubuwa. Irin kwayoyin ake amfani da su samar da ragowar matattu kwayoyin da su na rayuwa kayayyakin. Kwayoyin cutar Rotting da fermentation ne m da wulakantar da duk na sani kwayoyin abubuwa. Irin kwayoyin ake kira saprotroph.

Wasu shuke-shuke kwayoyin iya samar da wata symbiosis tare da wasu kwayoyin: fungi, tare da wani ɓangare na lichen, yardatayya da cu] anya da tushen da leguminous nitrogen-kayyade tushen nodule kwayoyin.

chemotroph

Wani rukuni na abinci iri ne chemotroph. Shi ne irin autotrophic abinci mai gina jiki, a cikin abin da makamashin hasken rana da ake amfani maimakon samar da makamashi da sunadarai shaidu na daban-daban abubuwa. Nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin kasance a irin wannan kwayoyin. Su oxidize wasu inorganic mahadi kansu yayin da tabbatar da zama dole adadin kuzari.

Nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin: mazauninsu

Hakazalika, abinci da kuma kwayoyin iya mayar da nitrogen fili. Suna da ake kira nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin. Duk da cewa da kwayoyin rayuwa a ko'ina, cikin mazauninsu na wannan musamman irin - gona. More musamman, da tushen da leguminous shuke-shuke.

tsarin

Menene nodule kwayoyin? Shi ne saboda su tsari. Nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin ne a fili bayyane zuwa ga tsirara ido. Ya magance a kan tushen da legumes da hatsi, da suka shiga cikin shuka. A wannan nau'i na thickening, wanda faruwa a cikin metabolism.

Yana da daraja cewa da nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin ne Mutualists kungiyar. Su Gwamuwar tare da wasu kwayoyin ne moriyar juna. A lokacin photosynthesis, shuke-shuke haduwa carbohydrate glucose, wajibi ne a rayuwa tafiyar matakai. Kwayoyin cutar ba su iya da irin wannan tsari, don haka a shirye don samun sugar daga wake.

Tsire-tsire for Life bukatar nitrogen. Wannan abu a cikin yanayi na isasshe manyan lambar. Alal misali, nitrogen da abun ciki na iska ne 78%. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan jiha, da tsire-tsire ba su iya sha wannan abu. Nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin kafa yanayi nitrogen da kuma fassara shi a cikin wani nau'i dace da shuke-shuke.

yawan aiki

Menene nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin za a iya gani a misali chemotrophic azospirillum kwayoyin. Wannan kwayoyin zaune a kan tushen da ciyawa: sha'ir ko alkama. Ya aka gaskiya kira wani shugaba daga cikin masu kera na nitrogen. A kowace kadada shi ne iya ba da 60 kg na kashi.

Nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin na legumes, kamar rizobitumy, sinorizobiumy da sauransu ne ma mai kyau "ma'aikata". Sun iya wadãtar da kadada na ƙasar taro da nitrogen har zuwa 390 kg. A perennial leguminous shuke-shuke zauna nasara azotoobrazovaniya wanda yi ne har zuwa 560 kg a kowace kadada na horar da ƙasar.

da rayuwa tafiyar matakai

Duk da nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin a kan ƙayyadaddu na da muhimmanci matakai za a iya raba kungiyoyin biyu. Na farko da kungiyar ne nitrifying. Jigon metabolism a cikin wannan yanayin ne sarkar sunadarai canje. Ammonia, ko ammonia ne tuba zuwa cikin nitrite - salts na nitric acid. Nitrites, bi da bi, suna tuba zuwa nitrates, wanda su ma da salts wannan fili. A cikin irin nitrate nitrogen da aka fi tunawa da tushen tsarin shuke-shuke.

Na biyu kungiyar da aka kira denitrifying kwayoyin. Sun gudanar da kishiya tsari: nitrates dauke a cikin ƙasa, yana tuba zuwa nitrogen gas. Kamar wancan akwai wani nitrogen sake zagayowar a yanayi.

By tafiyar matakai na rayuwa kuma ya shafi aiwatar da haifuwa. Yana faruwa ta rarraba shi a cikin biyu Kwayoyin. Da yawa kasa - by dake tasowa. Halayyar da kwayoyin cuta da kuma jima'i aiwatar kira Tasrifu. A lokaci guda akwai wani musayar bayanan jinsi.

Saboda tushen tsarin allocates mai yawa m abubuwa, kwayoyin settles a cikinsa sosai. Sun maida shuka sharan cikin abubuwa da suke iya zuwa sha shuka. A sakamakon haka, a Layer na kasar gona a kusa da yakan mallaki wasu kaddarorin. Shi ne ake kira da rhizosphere.

Hanyoyi na shigar azzakari cikin farji daga kwayoyin cuta a cikin tushen

Akwai hanyoyi da dama na gabatar da kwayan Kwayoyin a cikin tsokoki na tushen tsarin. Wannan zai iya faruwa saboda tabarbarewar da integumentary kyallen takarda ko a wuraren da tushen matasa Kwayoyin. tushen gashi zone ne ma chemotroph ta shigar azzakari cikin farji a cikin shuka. Bugu da ari, tushen hairs kuma kamu a sakamakon aiki cell division na kwayan nodules kafa. Yi dauke da kwayar cutar Kwayoyin samar da filaments cewa ci gaba da aiwatar da shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin shuka nama. Tare da conductive kwayan tsarin dangantaka da tushen nodules. A tsawon lokaci, su sãmi wani musamman sashi - Leghemoglobin.

By lokacin bayyanar cututtuka mafi kyau duka aiki nodules saya da wani ruwan hoda launi (saboda da pigment Leghemoglobin). Iya gyara nitrogen kawai ne ga waɗanda kwayoyin dake dauke da Leghemoglobin.

Ma'ana chemotroph

Mutane sun dade lura cewa, idan legumes tono ƙasa a wannan wuri girbi zai kasance mafi alhẽri. A gaskiya ma, cikin aya ne ba a aiwatar da plowing. Wannan ƙasa ne mafi wadãtar da nitrogen, don haka wajibi ne ga ci gaban da kuma ci gaban da shuke-shuke.

Idan takardar ake matsayin ma'aikata don samar da oxygen, da nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin iya kiranta a factory domin samar da nitrates.

Back a cikin karni na 19th, masana kimiyya sun biya da hankali ga ban mamaki da ikon na leguminous shuke-shuke. Saboda rashin sanin su shirki kawai shuke-shuke da kuma hade da sauran kwayoyin. An nuna cewa ganye iya gyara yanayi nitrogen. A lokacin gwaje-gwajen an gano cewa, hatsaisai wanda sun girma a cikin ruwa, rasa wannan damar. Fiye da shekaru 15, wannan tambaya ya kasance wani asiri. Babu daya ya gane cewa kawo dukan wannan nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin cuta, wadda ne mazauninsu ba a karatu. Sai ya juya daga cewa harka a wani symbiotic kwayoyin. Kawai tare legumes da kwayoyin da zai iya samar da nitrates ga shuke-shuke.

Yanzu, masana kimiyya sun gano fiye da 200 da tsire-tsire, wanda ba su kasance a cikin legume iyali, amma zai iya samar da wani symbiosis da nitrogen-kayyade kwayoyin. Dankali, dawa, alkama ma su mallaki muhimmanci da kaddarorin.