Class amphibious: general halaye, fasali, mazauninsu

Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa ko dabbobi masu rarrafe, suna daga cikin mafi m dukkan data kasance terrestrial vertabrate. Sun riga sun mamaye wani tsaka-tsaki matsayi tsakanin ruwa da kuma ƙasar dabbobi a kan filaye da cewa su haifuwa da kuma ci gaban faruwa a wani matsakaici (ruwa), da kuma masauki na manya - a cikin sauran (a cikin ƙasa). Wannan sabon abu da kuma wani lokacin m tãlikai.

Wannan matakin na samar da bayanai game da asalin na aji halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, janar halaye na ajin tsarin da taxonomy.

Fage na

A yanayi dole ga taro ci gaban vertabrate ƙasar, kafa a tsakiyar Devonian lokaci, game da 385 miliyan shekaru da suka wuce. Wannan ya faru saboda da kafa dumi da kuma gumi sauyin yanayi, da kasancewar wani abinci mai kyau tushe (na invertebrate fauna). Bugu da ari, a cikin wannan lokaci, da kududdufai a duniya saboda leaching kwayoyin fadi da yawa, kuma wannan ya haifar da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na oxygen a ruwa da kuma haka rage taro. Kifi saba da wannan ta numfashi na yanayi iska.

Evolution: A takaice

Magabatan na zamani aji halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, a general bayanin wanda aka bai Lãhira, ta bayyana a cikin marigayi Devonian a sabo ruwa, suna kira ihtiostegidy. Sun kasance tsaka-tsakin sifa tsakanin kifi da Crossopterygii wadannan halittar dabba mai kafafuwa.

Rikidar ruwa-ruwa salon zuwa ƙasa tare da biyu hukunci opportunistic gyare-gyare: motsi da m substrate da numfashi na yanayi iska. A wasu kalmomin, a hankali canza zuwa na huhu numfasawa gill, da kuma canza kama zuwa da ƙege pentadactyl reshe. A a layi daya, akwai wani canji na duk sauran gabobin: juyayi tsarin da Sistem gabobin da hankula.

A Carboniferous wani biyu kungiyar na m halittar dabba mai kafafuwa - lepospondily. Sun kasance sũ ne karami, kuma daidai saba da rayuwa a cikin ruwa yanayi, da kuma wasu jinsuna sun rasa na biyu kafa. Modern halittar dabba mai kafafuwa aka kafa kawai a karshen da Mesozoic lokaci.

taxonomy

Modern taxonomy na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa raba broadly cikin uku subclasses: Labyrinthodonts, lepospondyli da kuma harsashi-kasa. A farko kungiyoyin biyu na dabbobi ya zama dadaddun a farkon Mesozoic da Paleozoic, bi da bi. All na zamani halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, wanda shi ne fiye da 6700 jinsunan kasance a cikin subclass na harsashi-kasa. Ya, bi da bi, zuwa kashi uku, wanda suka bayyana a cikin Jurassic lokaci.

• Tailless. Yanzu mun gabatar 5602 nau'in a 48 iyalan sõyayya. Don wannan detachment ciki duk aka sani kwãɗi, da toads.
• Ko legless caecilians (hoton sama). Mai kananan detachment gabatar 190 nau'in a 10 iyalan sõyayya.
• Tailed halittar dabba mai kafafuwa. Wannan detachment qunshi salaman kuma tritons, kawai game da 570 jinsunan (10 iyalansu).

A ajin halittar dabba mai kafafuwa: general halaye da kuma tsarin fasali

A rarrabe halittar dabba mai kafafuwa ne santsi da kuma na bakin ciki fata wanda yana da gwada da kyau permeability to gas da kuma taya. Da tsarin yana da siffofin halayyar vertabrate. Bayar dace fata (corium) da kuma na waje rabe epidermis. Yana sanye take da m gamsai secreting gland. Asiri na iya zama na biyu iri: mai guba da kuma inganta gas musayar. Jaraba samuwar ko ossification a cikin fata na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa suna rare.

The jiki yana mai wutsiya (a caudate), jiki da kuma kai (motsi hadin gwiwa), kazalika da biyar-fingered wata gabar jiki. A kashin baya ne zuwa kashi hudu sassan: truncal, sacral, wutsiya, kuma wuyansa. Yawan vertebrae iya bambanta daga 7 zuwa 200.

Ba da wani taƙaitaccen janar bayanin irin aji na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, ba shi yiwuwa ba a ambaci game da tsokoki na vertabrate: akwati da extremities. A farko segmented. Special tsokoki samar da kisan hadaddun ƙungiyoyi liba wata gabar jiki. Located a kan shugaban liba da kuma rage tsokoki. Alal misali, dabbare salamander, kazalika da sauran wakilan da tailed, da raya wutsiya tsokoki.

numfashi tsarin

Wasu bayanai game da tsarin da miciwa, da yawa za su tuna da daga makaranta ilmin halitta hanya (karatu janar halaye na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa a cikin 7th sa).

Babban numfashi sashin jiki a halittar dabba mai kafafuwa - yana da sauki. Su ne samuwa a mafi jinsin, tare da banda bezlegochnye salamander da rana Bornean lebur-gangarawa rana. Kananan girma, hur, suna da wani nau'i na bakin ciki-walled pouches wajaba m raga na jini. Kowace daga cikinsu ya buɗe a cikin wani guttural-tracheal rami raba rami. By kara da ragewa girma daga cikin oropharyngeal rami sanya numfashi.

Ƙarin numfashi tsarin - shi ke rufi da oropharyngeal rami mucous membrane da kuma fata. Wasu cikin ruwa jinsunan, kazalika da tadpoles numfashi ta hanyar gills.

jijiyoyi

Hakika, mafi girma da hankali a cikin binciken na janar halaye na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa a cikin 7th sa makaranta da aka bai da jijiyoyi. By nazarin daban-daban kungiyoyin na vertabrate gano ta juyin halitta daga cikin mafi m zuwa sosai halayyar dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da rufaffiyar jijiyoyi da uku-gidajen zuciya, jini hadawa auku a cikin ventricle. halittar dabba mai kafafuwa jiki zafin jiki ya dogara da yanayi, suna cikin wani sanyi a hankali dabba.

Domin halittar dabba mai kafafuwa jijiyoyi ne halin da biyu wurare dabam dabam: ƙanana da manyan. Bayyanar da farko saboda da "saye" na numfashi ta cikin huhu. The zuciya ne zuwa kashi biyu atria da daya ventricle. Deoxygenated jini da huhu da kuma fata da ke a kozhnolegochnoy jijiya da kuma jijiya ke da shugaban na carotid jijiya. A sauran sassa na jiki na gauraye da jini ake kawota aortic baka.

narkewa kamar tsarin

All mambobi ne na aji na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, a general bayanin da aka bayar a cikin labarin, ci kawai mobile ganima. Harshe shi ne a kasa da oropharyngeal kogo. A tailless jinsunan, shi ne a haɗe zuwa ƙananan muƙamuƙi. Harshe amfani ga kamawa kwari, shi ne fita daga bakinsa, da kuma hakar bãyukansu ta zuwa ga surface. Hakora da suke da samuwa a kan muƙamuƙanka, bauta wa kawai rike da abinci.

Asiri na salivary gland, ducts wanda bude a cikin oropharyngeal rami, ba ya dauke da narkewa kamar enzymes. Abinci shiga duodenum ta cikin ciki. Shi ne a cikin ta bude da ducts na pancreas da kuma hanta. Kananan hanji da ke shiga cikin dubura, kafa wani tsawo kira da cloaca.

excretory tsarin

Janar halaye na aji na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, da kuma halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, ciki har da ciki har da bayanai game da excretory tsarin. An wakilta guda biyu kodan, yana tsawaita daga gare su da kuma bude cikin cloaca na ureter. Akwai mafitsara a cesspool, cewa shi ne inda shi accumulates ranked a cikin fitsari. Very takamaiman inji for cire ruwa. Da zarar cikin mafitsara mai cike da ta bango an rage da kuma outputted ga cloaca mayar da hankali fitsari, to, wanda aka dakatar da waje. Wannan haduwar ne saboda bukatar zuwa riƙe da wani yawa na danshi halittar dabba mai kafafuwa. Part na rayuwa kayayyakin da manyan adadin ruwan da aka saki ta hanyar fata. Wadannan siffofin na jiki ba a yarda su tafi gaba daya amphibious zuwa terrestrial salon.

juyayi tsarin

Progressive juyin hali - wani ya fi girma kwakwalwa nauyi idan aka kwatanta da kifi daga duk mambobi ne na aji na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa. Common halaye:

• zuwa kwakwalwa a halin gaban biyar sassan: matsakaici, elongated, tsaka-tsaki, gaban (tare da biyu hemispheres) da kuma talauci ɓullo da cerebellum.
• kwakwalwa nauyi a matsayin mai yawan total jiki nauyi a caudate na 0,29-0,36 da 0,50-0,73 halittar dabba mai kafafuwa - tailless da 0,06-0,44% a cartilaginous kifi.
• daga cikin kwakwalwa a halittar dabba mai kafafuwa tafi 10 nau'i-nau'i girman kwanyar jijiyoyi.
• kyawawan mai kyau ci gaban da aka m NA, wakilta, yafi by biyu a kowane gefe na kashin baya jijiya kututturan.
• kashin baya jijiyoyi samar da wata rijiya-tsare lumbar da brachial plexus.

Gawan halittar dabba mai kafafuwa ji

Gabatar a cikin makaranta Hakika na janar halaye na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa (Grade 7, ilmin halitta) ba bayani a kan na waje hankula halayyar gare su. Ji Authority ne a aiwatar da juyin halittar wani sabon sashen - tsakiyar kunne. A tympanic membrane an haɗa zuwa likkafa (auditory ossicle) da kuma rufe da waje auditory orifice. A garesu na tsakiyar kunne rami an haɗa ta wajen auditory tube ga oropharyngeal kogo.

A tsarin da ido da aka saba da rayuwa a cikin iska. Ko da yake gani na'ura kama wani kifi, shi ne har yanzu daban-daban da kuma ba da na nuna, da azurfa harsashi, da lauje-dimbin yawa kashi. A mafi girma halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da manya da ƙananan fatar ido dabba ba a kanta. Nictitating membrane ne halayyar da ƙananan halittar dabba mai kafafuwa. Shi yana da m aiki, maimakon ƙananan fatar ido. Corneal Shape - convex ruwan tabarau a matsayin biconvex ruwan tabarau, da diamita daga wanda dabam dangane da lighting. Mutane da yawa halittar dabba mai kafafuwa suna da launi hangen nesa.

A fata dukkan amphibian aji, a general bayanin da aka gabatar a cikin rubutu, da aiki da hankali da tabawa, kamar yadda ya ƙunshi yawa jijiya endings. A cikin ruwa jinsunan da tadpoles da kaikaice line.

Guda biyu olfactory bags "aikin" kawai a cikin iska. Su vystelit ciki olfactory epithelium da kuma kafafen hancinsa ya bude zahiri da choanae - a cikin oropharyngeal kogo. The latest ne ma gabobin na iyawa.

haihuwa tsarin

Ba da wani janar halayyar da aji na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, haifuwa da kuma rayuwa sake zagayowar na ci gaba ba za a iya saba shukawa, ma, hankalina. All halittar dabba mai kafafuwa suna iri guda ba, dabbobi, hadi da aka yi a mafi yawan wakilan a cikin ruwa yanayi. Gonads biyu.

A mãtã, da ovaries ne granular, ciko da spring kusan dukan jiki rami, dakatar daga mesentery. Next zuwa shi ne mai jiki, tara gina jiki da kuma ta haka ne tabbatar da samuwar gametes a lokacin rashin himma. Oviducts ne tsawo da kuma bakin ciki Mullerian tashoshi. Kowace daga cikinsu ya buɗe a cikin jiki kogo. Balagagge ovarian qwai da keta ganuwar da kuma fada a cikin oviduct shi a hankali ya rufe tare da mucous gashi gina jiki, fada cikin cloaca, samu daga waje.

Maza sun guda biyu testes zagaye siffar da kitsen jiki m cikinta. Dukansu suna a haɗe zuwa mesentery a kusa da gaban gefuna da kodan. Tashi daga testis seminiferous tubules cewa bude a cikin ureters, bauta wa duka biyu da vas deferens. A karshe da aka nuna a cikin cloaca.

rai sake zagayowar

A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar kusan duk amphibian yana mai bayyana rabo a cikin hudu, saukarwa.

1. Kwai. Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, kamar kifi, qwai ba su da wani mai hana ruwa harsashi da bukatar m danshi. Mafiya yawa na daban na masonry sanya a sabo ruwa, wasu halittar dabba mai kafafuwa (caecilians, giant salamander , da dai sauransu ..) - a kan ƙasar, da sauran - sa su a jikinka (toad-ungozoma, pipa Surinam).
2. Tsutsa. Yana hatches daga kwai da ruwa ne hanyar rayuwa. By tsarin da larvae suna kama kifi: babu guda biyu wata gabar jiki, gill numfashi, biyu gidajen zuciya da kuma guda wurare dabam dabam, da gaban da a kaikaice line. Kuma kawai 'yan wakilan halittar dabba mai kafafuwa tsallake wannan mataki da kuma na gaba, bayyana a sake a cikin hanyar kananan tailless frogs.
3. Metamorphoses. Dangane da irin canji na iya faruwa hanzari, kamar yadda a mafi anurans ko jinkiri a lokacin, kamar a m salaman.
4. A adult.

Musamman siffar amphibian rai

Alley wakiltar karshe yanki na bayanai game da aji na halittar dabba mai kafafuwa - general halaye da kuma peculiarities na yanayi, salon.

Mafiya yawa jinsunan - shi ne mazaunan wettest wuraren cewa alternated da suka tsaya a kan sandararriyar ƙasa da rayuwa a cikin ruwa. Bugu da kari, akwai sosai woody da kuma na cikin ruwa halittar dabba mai kafafuwa. Arancinsu sosai saba da rayuwa kan ƙasar samar munanan canje-canje hade da canji na yanayi. Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa karkashin m muhalli da yanayi fada cikin dogon rashin himma. Su aiki ne kawai a karkashin dumi yanayi, mafi jinsunan a -1 ° C - mutu. Kari na rayuwa da wasu iri canje-canje a lokacin da rana.

Mai halittar dabba mai kafafuwa - mazaunan ruwa tare da kawai karamin sashi iya rayuwa a cikin gishiri da ruwa, msl, teku toad (nuna a kasa).

A adult mataki, duk halittar dabba mai kafafuwa - da yara. Su rage cin abinci kunshi kananan dabbobi, da farko kwari da kuma kwaro, kifi soya, a na kwarai lokuta - da kajin na waterfowl kuma ko da kananan hakori.