Sistem gabobin: fasali, ayyuka. Cututtuka na jijiyoyi

Tu jikin mutum suna located narkewa kamar gabobin, jini wurare dabam dabam, ji da sauransu. Dukan su suna da hannu a tabbatar da al'ada aiki na jiki. Duk da haka, an yi imani da cewa tsarin ya yi aikin key ayyuka na jijiyoyi. Bari mu yi la'akari da shi a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Overview

Zagayawa ne a ci gaba da yunkuri na jini ta cikin rufaffiyar tsarin. Yana tabbatar da wadata da oxygen zuwa tsokoki da kuma Kwayoyin. Duk da haka, wannan ba duk da ayyuka na jijiyoyi. Saboda su aiki a Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki ciyar da gina jiki, bitamin, salts, ruwa, hormones. Suna kuma da hannu a cikin kau na karshen kayayyakin da metabolism, kula da m yanayin jiki.

Biology, Grade 8: Sistem gabobin

A farko sani da ciki halitta na jiki faruwa a makaranta. Dalibai ba kawai koyi cewa akwai Sistem gabobin. Grade 8 shafi nazarin su halaye, interactions da sauran abubuwa na jikin mutum. Domin mafi fahimtar batun yara miƙa sauki makirci. Sun bayyana abin da Sistem gabobin da mutum zai iya yi. Students ciki jiki model na'ura.

Wannan yana nufin da jijiyoyi?

Farko, kuma farkon ne zuciya. An dauke a matsayin Babban jiki na tsarin. Duk da haka, aikinsa dã ya kasance banza a cikin rashi na jini da cewa su ne ba a duk jikin kyallen takarda. Shi ne a gare shi ya canza wurin jini gina jiki da kuma sauran muhimman abubuwa. A tasoshin ne na daban-daban size da diamita. Akwai mai girma - da jijiyoyinmu kuma jijiyoyi, kuma akwai kananan - capillaries.

zuciya

An wakilta wani m murdede sashin jiki. A zuciya na da hudu da bẽnãye: biyu atria (hagu da kuma dama) da kuma daidai yawan ventricles. Duk wadannan wurare rabu da juna ta hanyar partitions. The dama atrium da ventricle suna magana da juna ta hanyar da tricuspid kuma bar - ta cikin malam bawul. adult zuciya weighs wani talakawan na game da 250 grams (mata) da kuma 330 g (maza). Jikin tsawon - game 10-15 cm, kuma ta gangara size - 8-11 cm, daga gaban to raya bango tsawon ne game da 6-8.5 cm The talakawan girma daga cikin zuciya maza -. 700-900 cm ^3, mata - 500-600 cm ³ .

Bayani dalla-dalla na zuciya

The m jiki bango tsoka kafa. Its tsari ne kama da tsarin striated tsoka. Cardiac tsoka, duk da haka, shi ne iya mu'ãmalar rhythmically ko da waje tasiri. Wannan shi ne saboda da hatsaisai faruwa a cikin jiki.

zagayowar

The aiki na zuciya ne allura na jijiya jini gudãna ta hanyar da ya jijiyoyinmu. Jikin da aka rage by game 70-75 sau / min. a sauran. Shi ne game da lokacin da za a 0.8 seconds. Ci gaba da aiki na jiki da aka yi sama da hawan keke. Kowace daga cikinsu ya shafi cikin ƙanƙancewa (systole) da shakatawa (diastole). Akwai uku bulan na zuciya:

1. Atrial systole. Shi da ke 0.1 seconds.
2. Ƙanƙancewa na ventricles. Yana daukan 0.3 seconds.
3. Total shakatawa - diastole. Shi da ke 0.4 seconds.

A lokacin dukan sake zagayowar, don haka aikin atrial yana 0.1 seconds, kuma su shakatawa -. 0.7 seconds. Ventricles na 0.3 seconds, da kuma sauran - 0.5 sec. Wannan sa tsokoki ikon aiki a dukan rayuwarsa.

tasoshin

High yi na zuciya da ake dangantawa da karfafa ta jini wadata. Shi ne saboda da jini mikawa gare ta. Aƙalla 10% na jini gudãna a cikin lakã daga hagu ventricle, shiga a cikin jijiyoyi da cewa ciyar da zuciya. Kusan dukkan su kawo oxygen zuwa tsokoki da kuma sauran abubuwa na jiki. Venous jini daukawa kawai na huhu jijiya. Jirgin ruwa bango kunshi uku yadudduka:

1. Connective m harsashi.
2. Tsakiya, wanda aka kafa ta m tsoka da kuma na roba zaruruwa.
3. Inner kafa connective nama da kuma endothelium.

Human jijiya diamita yake a cikin kewayon 0.4-2.5 cm. A talakawan, jimlar jini girma a cikinsu shi ne 950 ml. A arteries reshe kashe a cikin karami - arterioles. Su, bi da bi, hawa cikin capillaries. Waɗannan jikuna an dauke su da karami wurare dabam dabam. A diamita na capillaries ba fiye da 0,005 mm. Sun shiga duk tsokoki da kuma gabobin. A capillaries samar da fili na arterioles da venules. Ganuwar da karami jini kunshi endothelial Kwayoyin. Ta hanyar su yi musayar gas da sauran abubuwa. Jijiyoyinmu kawo jini wadãtar a carbon dioxide dauke da rayuwa kayayyakin, hormones, da kuma sauran abubuwa daga cikin gabobin da zuciya. A ganuwar waɗannan kwanoni bambanta subtlety da kuma sassauci. Matsakaici da kuma kananan jijiyoyinmu da bawuloli. Sun hana jini daga gudãna baya.

da'ira

Jini da kuma Sistem gabobin da aka bayyana a farkon 1628 zuciya da jijiyoyin jini kewaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma mutumin yayin da ya yi karatu da harshen Turanci likita W. Harvey. Ya gano cewa jini zagayawa gawarwakin samar biyu da'ira - ƙanana da manyan. Sun bambanta daga juna a burin su. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani na uku da'irar, wani da ake kira zuciya. Yana hidima kai tsaye zuwa cikin zuciya. Ya fara da'irar jijiyoyin zuciya arteries tsawaita daga lakã. Ƙare uku da'irar cardiac jijiyoyinmu. Su converge a cikin jijiyoyin zuciya sinus, wanda empties a cikin dama atrium. Sauran jijiyoyinmu ne wani ɓangare na da rami kai tsaye.

kananan da'irar

Tare da shi, mu'amala numfashi da kuma jijiyoyi. Kananan Circle kuma kira na huhu. Yana bayar da jini wadãtar da oxygen a cikin huhu. Ya fara da da'irar daga dama ventricle. Venous jini motsa zuwa ga huhu akwati. An kasu kashi biyu rassan. Kowace daga cikinsu daukawa jini, bi da bi, to dama da hagu huhu. A cikin wadannan jijiyoyi diverge a kan capillaries. A jijiyoyin bugun gini networks wanda entwine na huhu vesicles, jini yana carbon dioxide da kuma na'am da oxygen. Yana zama mulufi, da ke ta wurin capillaries cikin jijiyoyinmu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, suna shiga cikin hudu na huhu da kuma tasoshin daga ƙarƙashinsu a cikin bar atrium. A nan, a gaskiya, a kananan da'irar ƙare. Samu atrium da jini gudana ta hanyar da atrioventricular bude a hagu ventricle. Saboda haka babban da'irar fara. Saboda haka, na huhu arteries kawo venous da jijiya - jijiya jini.

mai da'ira

Ya unshi duk gabobin da jini wurare dabam dabam, in ban da na huhu tasoshin. A babban da'irar kuma ake kira Kofur. Yana tattara jini daga veins daga cikin manya da ƙananan jiki da kuma gudamawar da jijiya. Ya fara da da'irar daga hagu ventricle. Jininsa gudana a cikin lakã. An dauke da most jirgin ruwa. A jijiya jini ya ƙunshi dukan zama dole abubuwa na rayuwa da kwayoyin, kazalika da oxygen. A lakã raba cikin jijiyoyi. Sun je duk tsokoki na jiki, hawa cikin arterioles sa'an nan zuwa capillaries. A karshen, bi da bi, suna da alaka da venules sa'an nan jijiyoyinmu. Ta hanyar capillary bango ya auku musayar gas da kuma abubuwa. Jijiya jini Picks sama oxygen da kuma bada kayayyakin da metabolism, da kuma carbon dioxide. Venous ruwa yana mai zurfi ja launi. A tasoshin an haɗa ka da vena cava - da manyan kututturan. Suna fada a cikin dama atrium. Akwai fadi da kewayon kare.

Movement of tasoshin

Ga wani ruwa ne saboda da matsa lamba bambanci. A ya fi girma shi ne, da hakan da kudi. Hakazalika, motsi jini ta hanyar tasoshin kananan da manyan al'umma. A matsa lamba a wannan harka da aka halitta contractions daga cikin zuciya. A lakã da bar ventricle ne ya fi a dama atrium kuma m jijiyoyinmu. Saboda wannan, da ruwa motsa tare da da'irar tasoshin. A na huhu jijiya da kuma dama na ramin zuciya matsa lamba ne m, kuma a hagu atrium da na huhu jijiyoyinmu - low. Saboda bambanci motsi faruwa a kananan da'irar. Babbar matsa lamba a cikin manyan jijiyoyi da kuma lakã. Wannan nuna alama ne m. A cikin shakka daga jini ya kwarara daga matsa lamba na makamashi cinyewa a gogayya ragewan jini jijiyoyin bugun gini bango. A wannan connection, shi zai fara zuwa rage hankali. Musamman a fili, wannan tsari ya auku a cikin capillaries da kuma kananan jijiyoyi. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa wadannan tasoshin da mafi girma da juriya. A venous matsa lamba ci gaba da rage kuma ta zama m tasoshin kamar yadda yanayi ko ko da ƙananan.

tafiya gudun

Features na jijiyoyi suke a ciki da kuma tsarin size. Alal misali, idan muka yi magana da tasoshi, sa'an nan da nisa daga cikin tashar zasu dogara gudu daga cikin ruwa. The most kamar yadda aka ce a sama, an dauke da lakã. Wannan shi ne kadai jirgin ruwa tare da widest hanya. Ta hanyar shi ya wuce duk jini yana fitowa daga hagu ventricle. Kuma wannan ke sa matsakaicin gudun da jirgin ruwa - 500 mm / sec. A arteries reshe kashe a cikin karami su. Haka kuma, da gudu, a cikinta an rage zuwa 0.5 mm / sec. a cikin capillaries. A wannan lokaci ba jini gina jiki da kuma oxygen mahadi da kuma tattara kayayyakin da metabolism. kwarara a cikin capillaries ne ya sa ta wani canji a cikin lumen na kananan jijiyoyi. A su fadada halin yanzu ƙaruwa, da takaita - raunana. The karami Sistem gabobin - capillaries - suna wakilta a manyan lambobin. A cikin mutane, akwai game da miliyan dubu 40. A lokaci guda su duka yarda mafi girma aortic 800 sau. Duk da haka gudu na ruwa a kan su ne ragu. Vienna, kusa da zuciya zama ya fi girma, kuma coalesce. Takaitacciyar da lumen na raguwa, amma kudi na jini ya kwarara idan aka kwatanta da capillaries ƙaruwa. Saro a cikin jijiyoyinmu saboda da matsa lamba bambanci. Jini ya kwarara ne zuwa ga zuciya, wanda na taimaka wa rage kwarangwal tsoka da kuma kirji aiki. Saboda haka, a lokacin da wahayi da matsa lamba bambanci a farko da kuma karshen da venous tsarin ƙaruwa. Tare da rage kwarangwal tsoka ƙanƙancewa auku jijiyoyinmu. Yana kuma da inganta harkokin jini ya kwarara zuwa cikin zuciya.

pathological jihar

Cututtuka na jijiyoyi a cikin statistics yanzu zauna da daya daga cikin wurare na farko. Sau da yawa pathological yanayi kai ga kammala tawaya. A dalilan da akwai daya ko sauran hakki ne da yawa. Raunuka iya faruwa a dama sassa daban daban na zuciya da jini. Sistem sakulasan tsarin cututtuka suna kamu a mutane na daban-daban shekaru da kuma jima'i. Bisa kididdigar da, duk da haka, wasu pathological yanayi na iya faruwa more sau da yawa a cikin mata, yayin da wasu - don maza.

bayyanar cututtuka na kashi

Cututtuka na jijiyoyi bi ta daban-daban gunaguni da marasa lafiya. Sau da yawa cututtuka su ne ga kowa da kowa pathological yanayi da kuma ba da lãbãri a wani takamaiman take hakkin. Isasshen kowa dauke lokuta inda farkon matakai na abin da ya faru na take hakki na wani mutum ba ya nuna wani gunaguni. Wasu daga cikin jijiyoyi cututtuka suna kamu kwatsam. Duk da haka, da ilmi game da mafi kowa bayyanar cututtuka damar dace ganewa na Pathology da kuma gyara shi a farkon matakai. Cuta iya a tare da:

• Shortness na numfashi.
• Pain a cikin zuciya.
• Kumburi.
• Cyanosis da sauransu.

bugun zuciya

An sani cewa lafiya da mutane ba ji da contractions daga zuciyar ka a sauran. Kada ka ji palpitations da kuma m fiznagruzki. Duk da haka, ta karuwa ko lafiya mutane za su ji da bugun zuciya. Its duka za a iya Littafi alhãli kuwa yanã gudãna, agitation, a wani babban zazzabi. A halin da ake ciki ne daban-daban ga mutanen da suka da matsaloli tare da zuciya ko jini. Palpitations , ba za su iya jin da a sassauƙa, da kuma a wasu lokuta ma a sauran. Babban dalilin wannan yanayin da aka dauke su a take hakkin da contractile aiki na jiki. Bugun zuciya a cikin wannan yanayin ne compensatory inji. Gaskiyar cewa ya ce take hakkin daya ƙanƙancewa jiki jefa cikin lakã karami girma na jini fiye da wajibi ne. Saboda haka, zuciyata ke shiga wani m yanayin. Wannan sigar musamman m sakamako a kan shi, saboda shakatawa lokaci ne muhimmanci taqaitaccen. Saboda haka, zuciya ne Allaha kasa da ya kamata ya kasance. A lokacin gajeren shakatawa biochemical matakai dole warke, ba su da lokacin da za a je, ta hanyar. Rapid bugun zuciya kira tachycardia.

zafi

Wannan alama accompanies da yawa cututtuka. Kamar wancan ne a wasu lokuta da zuciya zafi na iya zama na farko alama (msl, ischemia), da kuma a wasu - da ba da yankan shawara factor. A CHD zafi ya sa ta kasa jinin samar wa zuciya tsoka. Pathology bayyanuwar isasshe sarari. Pain yana contractive yanayi, short duration (3-5 minti), paroxysmal, na faruwa yawanci a fiznagruzki a low yanayin zafi. A irin wannan yanayin zai iya faruwa a cikin mafarki. Yawancin lokaci da mutum ya ke ji irin zafi, kai a zaune wuri, kuma yana da kamar. Irin wannan hari da aka kira sauran angina. Tare da sauran cututtuka, zafi ba su da irin wannan alama. Yawancin su suna aching kuma za daban-daban sau. Su ba su da wani babban tsanani. Lokacin da wannan cupping sakamako a kan liyafar da wasu magani ba ya faruwa. Irin sha raɗaɗin bi da daban-daban Pathology. Daga cikin su akwai cututtukan zuciya, pericarditis, myocarditis, hauhawar jini da sauransu. Pain a cikin zuciya yanki ba za a iya hade da cututtuka na jijiyoyi. Alal misali, suna kamu da hagu-gefe ciwon huhu, osteochondrosis na mahaifa da thoracic, intercostal neuralgia, myositis, da sauransu.

Interruptions a cikin zuciya aiki

A wannan jiha daya ji unevenness jiki na yin aiki. Yana bayyana kanta a cikin nau'i na Fading, karfi short yajin, daina, da dai sauransu A wasu mutane, wadannan katsalandan ne m, wasu -. More shafe tsawon kuma wani lokacin m. Yawanci, wadannan majiyai tare da tachycardia. A wasu lokuta, laifinsu, kuma alama tare da riqo na wuccin kari. A dalilai ne beats (m saukarwa), atrial fibrillation (asarar rhythmic zuciya aiki). Bugu da kari, da take hakkin iya zama ba kade tsarin da jiki tsokoki.

Tsafta na zuciya

Al'ada barga aiki na jiki ne kawai zai yiwu tare da wata rijiya-ɓullo da jijiyoyi lafiya. A kwarara kudi kayyade mataki na nama dole wadata tsanani mahadi da kuma kau da wadannan rayuwa kayayyakin. A lokacin jiki aiki da bukatar da oxygen ƙaruwa a lokaci guda tare da karuwa a zuciya rate. Domin kauce wa katsalandan da disturbances da za a horar da jiki tsoka. Don wannan karshen, masana bayar da shawarar da safe a yi da bada. Wannan yana da muhimmanci musamman ga wadanda mutanen da wanda aiki ba alaka fiznagruzki. Greater sakamako a kan motsa jiki ta fara, idan sun yi waje. A general, likitoci bayar da shawarar yin tafiya more. A lokaci guda shi ya kamata a tuna da cewa ya wuce kima Psycho-wani tunanin da kuma ta jiki danniya iya rushe al'ada ayyuka na zuciya. A wannan dangane da shi ya zama zai yiwu a kauce wa danniya da kuma tashin hankali. Kamawa jiki aiki, wajibi ne a zabi load damar jinsin kwayoyin. An musamman mummunan tasiri a kan aikin na jiki, nicotine, barasa, kwayoyi. Sun kashe shi da guba tsakiya m tsarin da zuciya, haifar da wani tsanani warwarewarsu da tsari na jijiyoyin bugun gini sautin. A sakamakon haka, sun iya ci gaba mai tsanani cututtuka na jijiyoyi, wasu daga waxanda suke m. Mutanen da suka yi amfani da barasa da kuma shan taba, sun fi kowa jijiyoyin bugun gini spasms. A wannan dangane da shi wajibi ne don daina miyagun halaye da kuma taimaka, ta kowace hanya zuwa ga zuciya.