Photosynthesis a tsirrai da kuma ta siffofin

shuka photosynthesis ne mai hadaddun jiki-biochemical aiwatar da abin da shuke-shuke maida electromagnetic makamashi, wanda yake a cikin hasken rana haskoki a cikin sinadaran makamashi amfani a gudanar da mahadi. Dalili na wannan tsari ne mai sarkar redox sinadaran halayen, a sakamakon wanda electrons aka canjawa wuri daga bayarwa-rage wakili, wanda shi ne hydrogen, da kuma ruwa, da kuma Mai karɓar, shi ne wani oxidant. A wannan nau'i carbohydrates da O2 aka saki a lokacin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ruwa.

Photosynthesis shuka yana biyu a jere matakai. A mataki na farko da aka kira haske (photochemical). A wannan mataki, jimla haske makamashi ne tuba a cikin sinadaran da makamashi domin links high-makamashi mahadi, kazalika da duniya reductant. A karo na biyu mataki, da ciwon da sunan duhu (rayuwa) samu daga sinadaran makamashi na wani rage wakili da kuma a duniya izinin madauki for kam da kuma rage carbon dioxide, inda carbohydrates suna kafa. photosynthetic inji raba haske da duhu mataki ba kawai a lokaci amma kuma a sarari. Light mataki faruwa a musamman makamashi hira thylakoid membranes, yayin da duhu halayen dauki wuri ko dai a cikin chloroplast stroma, ko a cikin cytoplasm.

Photosynthesis da kuma shuka numfasawa dogara ne a kan sha na haske kamfani mai suna Quanta, inda babban rawa da aka buga da chlorophyll sha bakan wanda ya hada da bayyane yankin, da kuma proximal cikinta rabo infrared da ultraviolet yankuna. Babban pigment ga dukan tsire-tsire domin su gudanar da photosynthesis ne chlorophyll a. Green algae, mosses da jijiyoyin bugun gini tsire-tsire ne mafi da chlorophyll b, wanda kara da bakan haske tunawa. Wasu jinsunan algae dauke da chlorophyll c kuma d. Bugu da kari ga chlorophyll, a kan aiwatar da haske sha ma hannu carotenoids da phycobilins.

Bayan sha na haske ya auku photochemical mataki a cikin abin da suke da hannu iri biyu photosystem I da na II (PS1 da PS2). Kowace daga APS kunshi dauki cibiyar, a cikinsa cajin rabuwa ta auku, lantarki kai sarkar, inda ta na'urar hadawan abu da iskar shaka, da kuma wani sa aka gyara abin da yi tafiyar matakai na photooxidation na ruwa da kuma farfadowa da dauki cibiyar. A dauki cibiyoyin da haske jimla makamashi ne tuba a cikin sinadaran, sa'an nan electrons matsawa bisa ga dan tudu da electrochemical m, da ke cikin electron kai sarkar na photosynthesis.

Photosystem II irin aikin photooxidation dauki na ruwa, sa'an nan ya kafa oxygen da kuma protons H +. Layi daya photosynthetic electron kai aiwatar daukan wuri proton canja daga chloroplast cikin intrathylakoid yankin. A sakamakon halayen nuna NADPH da ATP, wanda suke da farko kayayyakin na photosynthesis. Bugu da ƙari da photosynthesis na shuke-shuke da ya ƙunshi enzymatic dauki a wadda carbon dioxide samu daga sunadarai, carbohydrates da fats. Idan duhu ba-carbohydrate metabolism yana directivity, da kafa amino acid, gudanar da mahadi da kuma sunadarai.

Tafiyar matakai na rayuwa a gare CO2 kam irin kasu kashi C3, C4 da cam photosynthesis. Kamar wancan carbohydrates, wanda aka kafa a cikin duhu mataki na photosynthesis a chloroplast iya ajiye a cikin nau'i na sitaci mahadi fita da chloroplast ta samar da sabon Kwayoyin su bauta a matsayin tushen samar da makamashi ga rayuwa halayen.

shuka photosynthesis amfani kawai 1-2 kashi na tunawa haske makamashi. A tsanani na aiwatar da photosynthesis rinjayar da na abun da ke ciki da kuma tsanani da haske, zazzabi, ruwa magani shuke-shuke da kuma ma'adinai abinci mai gina jiki, da maida hankali CO2 da kuma O2, kazalika da sauran muhalli dalilai.