Mene ne Chernyakhov al'ada? Al'adu Chernyakhov: asalin da kuma bayanin

Chernyakhov Culture - daya daga cikin mafi girma a archaeological lokaci a farko-farkon tarihi na Slavs. Sai da na ɗauki quite mai yawa sarari a kan ƙasa na zamani Ukraine, Romania, Moldova da kuma Rasha. Geographically located, yafi a cikin steppe da gandun daji, akalla - a cikin steppe zones.

Janar halaye

A binciken da wannan al'ada ne na bayar da muhimmanci ga fahimtar labarun, Slav ethnogenesis. A dacewa lokaci faru aiki hijirarsa matakai, mutane ne gauraye da juna, wani lokacin wuya sosai don gane da daban-daban na kabilanci da aka gyara a amfanin gona. Duk da haka, mafi masana yarda a kan cewa samuwar na zamanin d Slavs ya faru a kusa lamba tare da sake ma su matsugunni da sauran kabilu da fari da aka shirya. A kimiyya ne Marinjãyi a ra'ayin cewa shi ne na karshe motsi, wanda a 1-3 ƙarni BC. e. koma zuwa yankunan da Roman larduna, Northern Black Sea Coast, ya taka musamman rawa. A wannan lokaci, akwai wani samuwar wasu al'adu Slavic type, kamar, misali, Przeworsk, Kiev, da sauransu. Masana kimiyya da dama imani da cewa Slavs aka kasaftawa tsakanin antskogo kabilar, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a zamanin da kafofin. Shi ne a cikin wannan mahallin da ya kamata a yi la'akari Chernyakhovsky lokaci a cikin tarihi na Slavic shiri.

binciken

Wannan al'ada daukan da sunan da daga Chernyakhiv kauyen (Kiev yankin), wanda aka yi karatu a farkon karni na 20th, masana kimiyya Korotynskyy. Mai masana suna karkata zuwa yi imani da cewa shi ne a cikin kabilu da aka multiethnic. Haka kuma an yi imani da cewa Zarubintsy da Chernyakhov al'ada suna a hankali alaka, saboda karshen da aka maye gurbinsu da na farko daya, wanda aka dauke da Slavic (ko da yake kasashen waje historiography ne mai ra'ayi cewa shi ne a cikin kabilu da aka Jamus). Change na da al'adunta karatu da irin wannan shahararren kimiyya a matsayin masunta da Sedov.

asalin

Chernyakhov Culture ne sakamakon hijirarsa matakai, wanda ya faru a kan ƙasa da kasashen gabashin Turai. Wasu masu tarihi sun dangana ta asalin ga muhallinsa na Goths, wanda, shan Ukrainian ƙasa, gauraye da ke yankin. A wannan lokaci akwai fito jihar oium. Iyakokinta zo daidai da cewa siyasa mahaluži. Saboda hadaddun hijirarsa gudana Chernyakhovskaya al'ada ya kabilu, shi kunshi Slavic Antes, Jamus, Scythians Sarmats. Masunta tarihi, imani da cewa shi ne tsoho Slavic, amma wannan ra'ayi ne jãyayya a cikin kimiyya.

tattalin arzikin

Al'adu Chernyakhovskaya maida hankali ne akan lokaci daga IV zuwa II on. n. e. Ta kasance a kan tattalin arziki matakin ne quite m. Dalili na tattalin arzikin bayar da shawarar da garma noma. Archaeologists sun samu ragowar plows, da baƙin ƙarfe tips, masu fashin kwamfuta, wanda aka yi amfani da aikin noma. Mamaye dabbõbi kiwo, yayin da mazauna tãyar da aladu da kuma dawakai. Amfani ga ajiya rami, wanda aka samu a cikin wani yawan ƙauyuka. Chernyakhovskaya al'adu ne halin da wani babban matakin zanen. Yawan jama'a da basira da rike karfe, kashi da itace. Kiyaye ado na ba-ferrous karfe, saurã daga kayan aikin yi daga dabbobi ƙasũsuwa.

A wasu shafukan na metallurgical Tanderu samu. Mazauna fili sun saba da hanyoyin daban-daban na aiki baƙin ƙarfe (quenching) da karfe samar. Duk da haka, wani alama na da yawa kiyaye bronzes. Akwai wani ra'ayi da cewa wasu aiki dabaru da aka aro daga Roman larduna, kazalika da Turai ta Tsakiya yankin.

gidãjensu

Chernyakhovskaya al'ada yada yafi a cikin gandun daji yankunan, don haka ta gida sun kasance manyan a size, kuma su ne kullum rectangular a siffar. Garu ƙauyuka ne kananan, amma har yanzu wasu daga cikinsu suna kiyaye su a kudancin mazauninsu (gari, Aleksandrovka). Su ganuwar isa goma sha biyu mita ba ga tsawo, akwai kusurwoyi da kufaifan. Suna located a mafi girma elevations, yayin da talakawa gidajen - tare da aikin gandu na kananan koguna.

Gidãjensu da aka kasu kashi biyu: na zama da kuma tattalin arziki. cibiyar da aka located a cikin cibiyar. A wasu gidajen, da ganuwar yi "bushe", watau. E. Ba tare da wani musamman m bayani. Wadannan Tsarin ne kullum Stolbovo sanã'anta su da aka yi na wattle kuma mai rufi da lãka. Dwellings located "sheƙarsu" na floodplains. Tu suna da daya ko biyu kyamarori.

Monuments

Chernyakhov archaeological al'ada ya rike wani yawan sha'awa Monuments. Da farko muna magana ne game da sanannen macizai (Troyan) shafts, wanda aka located zuwa kudu na Kiev a kan bankunan na Dnieper. Wannan imbin tsarin da aka tsaron gida a dalili. Shi ne sarkar duniya embankments da ramuka, mikewa a kan wani dogon nesa (raba Tsarin da tsawon daga daya zuwa daya da ɗari da hamsin kilomita).

Na musamman sha'awa ne kuma ambato daga cikin Chernyakhov al'ada Vinnitsa yankin. A nan, musamman dutse zanen, da ma'anar wanda yake shi ne har yanzu masana kimiyya jayayya da aka gano. Ya nuna leafless itacen, a kan daya daga cikin rassan da zakara zaune a gaban shi - mutumin da a baya wanda akwai barewa. Bugu da ƙari, cikin abun da ke ciki na da firam a cikin sarari tsakanin ƙahoni. Wani abin tunawa a wannan yanki - Ilinetsky quarry na volcanic tufa domin yin dutsen niƙa. Wannan ya nuna wani babban matakin na ci gaba metallurgy a yankin.

binne

Duffel hadaddun Chernyakhov al'adu za a iya gano ba kawai a gidajensu amma kuma a cikin kaburbura. Duk da haka, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suke a cikin kaburbura kadan, amma har yanzu ba da damar wasu kayayyakin gargajiya ka sake look daga cikin lokaci. The binne rami wani lokacin .Ba yau da kullum abubuwa da iyali abubuwa. Wani lokaci akwai tasoshin da kuma sassa na iyali aiki, kamar spindles. Nemo kuma kayan ado. Daga cikin su, misali, da fibula.

Chernyakhovskaya al'adu ne halin da hanyoyi biyu na binne: burials da cremations. A cikin farko idan amfani na al'ada rectangular rami, na biyu saura sanya shi a cikin tasoshin jugs, tukwane, kuma ko da daruna. The kaburbura aka samu, da kuma ragowar da makamai, misali, arrowheads, māsu, lankwasa takuba ga al'ada dalilai. Akwai duka guda kuma binary binne.

Houseware

Shiri na Chernyakhov al'adu, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka tattalin arziki a manufa da kuma ayyuka. Saboda haka, sau da yawa sosai akwai abubuwa da ake bukata domin aikin noma da kuma masana'antu. Mazauna san da maginin tukwane dabaran, da suka aikata da jita-jita na daban-daban siffofi. An kuma sosai raya sakar gidansa, archaeologists lokaci-lokaci sami burbushi na daban-daban yadudduka a kan iyali abubuwa da kuma gida rayuwa.

crockery

ya ce game da lãka tasoshin, kamar yadda yake a kan duffel hadaddun, archaeologists sau da yawa ya bambanta da al'adunsu. Population review lokaci Manufacturing iri-iri na yau da kullum abubuwa, amma musamman da aka sani binciken tasoshi, ado ko a kwance Lines, ko ƙarin Rolls kuma kadan taimako GROOVES. Daga cikin binciken ne ƙwarai Black Sea amphora da krasnoglinyanoy da krasnolakovoy jita-jita halitta da kuma shigo da daga nazarinsa na Roman larduna. Products, Ya sanya daga m lãka an samu yawanci a outbuildings.

sauran kayayyakin gargajiya

Metal Chernyakhov al'ada - mafi yawa ne baƙin ƙarfe. A jama'ar su iya aiwatar da tama, a fili, ba tare da rinjayar Roman fasaha. Duk da haka, binciken na armaments ba sosai: shi ne yafi arrowheads, māsu, da takuba part.

Dabam, shi ya kamata a ce game da baitulmalin. A kan ƙasa na al'ada samu a wani babban yawan tsabar kudi na Roman coinage zuwa yamma na Dniester - tagulla, zuwa gabas - azurfa. Kuma karshe na samu da yawa a cikin abubuwan tarawa, amma masana sun bayyana ra'ayin cewa kudi da aka yi amfani da harkokin ciniki, yayin ga bukatun da aka yi amfani da barter. Kadan na kowa ne tsabar kudi na Bosporan coinage.

duffel hadaddun

Daga cikin kayayyakin gargajiya sami babban adadin kayan ado, misali, don gane da wani babban yawan brooches, beads, buckles, combs. Na abubuwa na amfanin yau da kullum ne da wukake, da gatura, kakar. Wani lokaci sami soja abubuwa, amma su ne 'yan. Na musamman sha'awa ne da takuba, rike da wuka, da māsu. Dabam, shi ya kamata a ce a nan game da asalin binciken - kalanda image a kan jirgin ruwa. Yana yana da wani zagaye siffar, da kuma karkashin kowane wata - daidai adadi.

tasoshin

Saboda haka, Chernyakhov al'ada, photo na Monuments wanda aka gabatar a wannan labarin, ya sãɓã, isasshe babban matakin ci gaba a tattalin arziki da kuma kasuwanci duniyoyin. Dabam, shi ya kamata a ce game da manufar da al'ada tasoshin: wasu daga cikin wadannan kalandarku image samu. Bugu da ƙari, akwai binciken na glassware. Kayan aiki ga masana'antu da aka ƙware da Romawa a arni na farko AD, kuma ya tafi a kan yi la'akari da al'ada ga jama'a. A mafi yawan lokuta, da tasoshin ne kwai-dimbin yawa yellowish ko greenish launi.

ethnography

Chernyakhovskaya al'adu, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, shi ne mai manyan a cikin kabilu. Wannan shi ne saboda hijirarsa gudana cewa sun faru a kan Turai nahiyar a dacewa lokaci. Saboda haka, masana tarihi sun gano wata yawan ethnographic bangaren a cikin abun da ke ciki: Jamus, Sarmatian-Scythian, Slavic. A farko da aka wakilta binary kaburbura, manyan gidaje da gine-gine, kazalika da musamman tukwane velbarskogo irin. Wadannan cututtuka su ne hankula ga kusan duk yankin na rarraba wannan al'ada.

Nau'i na biyu da aka wakilta ethnographic babban dutse gine-gine, Multi-jam'iyya gidaje na musamman binne al'ada, a lokacin da ya sa a cikin kabari nama tare da wuka makale a shi, guda na alli, ko fenti. M binne za'ayi a podboynyh rami ko catacombs. Har ila yau, wannan yanki ne halin musamman nau'i na cookware - tukwane da wani fadada wuyansa sama. Wannan kungiyar sami mafi yawa mayar da hankali a Arewa na Black Sea, sanaki wadannan mutane.

A karshe, cikin Slavic kungiyar na kayayyakin gargajiya wakilta kananan square bukkoki tare da kuri'a na iyali rami. Wannan yankin ne halin da rashi na manyan mounds, kazalika gaban kagaggun stucco tukwane. Main wurin rarraba - Dniester, wanda kuma ya samo asali sauran Slavic al'ada Kiev, Przeworsk. Raba Penkovsky da Slavic al'ada ya kasaftawa OM Prihodnyuk. Chernyakhovskaya al'ada kusa da shi adjoined, ko da yake masana kimiyya sun bayar da hujjar cewa ba su da wani hukunci tasiri a kan ci gaban da Slavic kashi, domin shi ne ma multiethnic.

matsaloli na Chronology

A dangane da sama alama na kimiyya, akwai matsaloli na Dating, kuma Chronology na wannan al'ada. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da binciken ba ko da yaushe ba da damar isa AMINCI hada da kayayyakin gargajiya zuwa wani karni. Bugu da kari, a cikin wurin da aka bayar mai yawa shigo da kaya, yafi na Roman asalin, a karkashin wanda tasiri ta ci gaba. Saboda haka, mafi dace ne da hanyar da dating ta burials.

halayyar siffofin

Saboda haka, wannan al'ada ne halin da bambancin da binciken, inda ta bayyana cewa a cikin samuwar ya samu halartar da dama daban-daban abubuwa. Na musamman muhimmancin ne cewa shi ne, a fannin rinjayar da Roman. Its provincialism, haƙĩƙa, da gudummawar da babban matakin da al'adu da kuma, bi da bi, kara kuzari da zargin karin ci-gaba da fasahar a cikin yankin. Wasu masana ma na nuna Dacian tasiri a wannan yanki.

Relationship zuwa wasu al'adu

Chernyakhovsky lokaci ya na da muhimmanci mataki a cikin ci gaban da tsoho Slavs. Duk da haka, a wannan lokacin sun kasance a kusa lamba tare da sauran kabilu, don haka wannan al'ada damar kawai partially kerata Slavic tsufa. Amma shi yana ƙarƙashin rinjayar kuma bi da bi, ta yi wani tasiri a kan wasu al'adu a cikin abin da Slavic kashi da aka fi pronounced: Przeworsk, kolochinskoy, Kiev.

ƙarshe

Al'adu lalacewar ne saboda wani hijirarsa kalaman da ya girgiza kasashen Turai. Wannan lokaci, akwai hijirarsa na warlike nomadic Huns. Wannan ya kai ga wani outflow na babban ɓangare na yawan zuwa yamma, kamar yadda a can an rubuta records. Duk da haka, a cikin gandun daji-steppe da steppe bangarori kasance wasu kungiyoyin da suke magana da Huns. Amma ga arewa-maso-gabas, a cikin tsawon gabanin da Chernyakhov al'adu, sa'an nan ya zo daidai da ta a lokacin, ya ci gaba da zama wasu Slavic al'ada - Kiev. Its burbushi suna da kyau kiyaye. Archaeologists sami makabartun, gidajensu, iyali abubuwa da kuma ko da baitulmalin.

darajar

Chernyakhovsky lokaci na ci gaba da muhimmanci saboda shi ne daya daga cikin na farko, saukarwa a cikin tarihi na farkon Slavs. Yana maida hankali ne akan quite babban yankin kasar sarari, ciki har da wani yawan yankunan kasar mu: Belgorod da Kursk. Duk da haka, ya na da damar yin amfani da tarihi na wasu mutane dauke da lokaci: Jamus, Celts, Scythians da sauransu. Bugu da kari, wannan lokacin yana da shakka akwai ayoyi na marigayi Roman, Black Sea tsoma cewa ba ka damar gano da daga baya matakai na raya wadannan yankuna. Saboda haka, aka bayyana a cikin labarin Culture rayayye karatu kafin juyin juya halin, a Soviet sau, ta analysis ci gaba da wannan rana. Chernyakhovsky gidan na al'ada, misali, lokaci-lokaci daukawa fitar da ayyukan da adana gargajiya jama'a al'adun gargajiya, abin da ya kamata goyi bayan sha'awa cikin tsufa.