Archaeological al'ada Rasha

Archaeological al'ada ne mai tarin kayayyakin gargajiya cewa suna cikin wani musamman wuri da kuma zamanin. Sunan ta samu a kan tushen daga cikin fitattun siffofin na ado amfani a kan wani ba ƙasa. Kalmar "al'ada" a ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi ne dan kadan daban-daban daga kullum yarda definition. Ana iya amfani da kawai idan sakamakon binciken masana kimiyya ba wani tunani na irin rayuwar mutane 'yan shekara dubu da suka wuce.

Archaeological Rasha al'adun hada da dama matakai na raya kasa. Kowace daga cikinsu ya wuce daga daya zuwa wani. Ganin cewa a cikin ƙasa na kasar ne fairly manyan, a lokaci guda shi zai iya rayuwa kabilu na zuwa daban-daban al'adu, abu ne ba iri daya ba rayuwa.

Al'adu srednekamennogo karni

Irin wannan abu a matsayin Mesolithic archaeological al'ada, a gaskiya, mãsu fakowa ba. A wannan lokaci kabilan ba rarraba kansu. Mutane sun yi kokarin tsira, kuma babu bambanci a yadda suka yi shi. Wani hankali ci gaba da noma yi, wani ci gaba da farautar, kuma wasu hõrarriya dabbobi, kafa da taki da zamani dabba husbandry. Duk da haka, wannan lokaci za su iya ba da cikakken kishingiɗe a, tun da shi wanda ya yi aza harsashin ginin da samuwar yawa wayewar.

A wannan mataki, akwai na farko iri archaeological al'adu. Masana kimiyya da archaeologists yi imani da cewa su dole ne a rabu don haka farkon. Amma farkon da aka sa shi. Kowace kabila daga tsoffin zumunta, aka rabu a kan daban-daban filaye, ko yana da wani salon, an kabilanci gefe na batun ko, misali, hanyoyin da jana'izar matattu kakanninsu. Amma mataki a tambaya a wani hali ba za a iya underestimated, domin binciken zai taimaka amsa tambayoyi da suka shafi abin da ya faru na m amfanin gona.

Tripolskaya wayewa

Tripolskaya archaeological al'ada kwanan rana dawo Eneolithic (5-2 Millennium BC. E.). Yana samu da sunan da daga yankin inda na farko Monuments da aka samu. Haka ya faru a kauyen Trypillya.

Abin lura shi ne cewa a game da 18th karni a kan ƙasa na Romania, gudanar da tono a lokacin da Cucuteni al'adu da aka gano. Its sunan kuma samu ta hanyar kauye, kusa da samu da kayayyakin gargajiya da alaka da shi. Da farko an zaci cewa wadannan al'adu biyu sãɓawa jũna. Ba sai dai masana kimiyya idan aka kwatanta da samu abubuwa da Monuments. Sai ya juya daga cewa kukutentsy da tripoltsy - wannan mutane.

A gano kayayyakin gargajiya sun yarda da masana kimiyya ya kammala da cewa, dauke archaeological al'ada shi ne mafi girma a kan ƙasar Rasha da Turai, ta yawan mutane a ganiya wuce 15 da mutane dubu.

Amma ga rayuwar wannan wayewa, shi ya faru a daidai wannan hanya kamar yadda a wasu wurare a lokacin Stone Age. Wajen ƙarshen lokaci mutane suka fara gano lãka, yanzu shi ne ba kawai amfani ga m dalilai, amma kuma na ado. Daga shi ƙãga statuettes da sauran kumar kasko kayayyakin.

dolmens

Dolmen archaeological al'adu ne ba musamman tasiri a kan ci gaban kabilai, located a kan ƙasa na zamani Rasha. Yana samo asali a Indiya a kusa da 10th karni BC. e., amma mutane suka fara tafiya zuwa yamma yawa daga baya. Wannan ya faru a cikin 3rd Millennium BC. e., dolmens sa'an nan kasu kashi biyu. Farko da na tafi da gefe na Caucasus, na biyu - a Afirka, musamman a Misira. A kan ƙasa na Rasha a lokacin da aka mamaye da wani wayewa, don haka da Jĩkõki, sun kasance ne kawai iya gaba da al'adu. Amma ga ci gaba a Misira, wannan shi ne inda suka kasance iya cikakken bude.

Sunan wannan archaeological al'ada samu daga Breton harshe, da kuma na nufin "dutse tebur". Duk da cewa tasirin da take da a kan Slavic yankin da aka ba high, da most taro na Monuments dake kusa da bakin tekun Black Sea a Krasnodar yankin. Shi ne wata ila cewa wasu shafukan kawai bai tsira zuwa yau.

A dolmens da aka samu yalwa na dutse, da na tagulla kayayyakin, wadannan kayan ana amfani ba kawai don samar da kayan aikin da farauta, amma kuma kayan ado. Mutane da yawa daga cikinsu sun samu kai tsaye a cikin kaburbura. Su, ba zato ba tsammani, kuma ya kira dolmens, kamar yadda suke da kabilu. Wadannan binne filaye sun kama Masar pyramids. Mai bincike yarda da yiwuwar cewa wasu daga cikin dolmens aka gina domin addini ko al'adu dalilai, ba jana'izar. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da gine-gine da kansu sau da yawa da mafi shekaru fiye da wadanda samu a cikin saura. Saboda haka, shi ne wata ila cewa shi ne dolmen wayewa aza harsashin ga pyramids, wanda aka kiyaye su da kuma ganin darajarsa ta da yawa zuwa wannan rana.

Catacomb al'ada

Catacomb archeological al'ada zo zuwa Slavic ƙasa a gabas, an fara gano a cikin karni na 19th. Its fitowan da kuma flowering kwanan wata daga farkon lokaci na tagulla. Wasu kafofin da'awar cewa bayyanar catacomb kabilan kullum mayar da hankali a kan Copper Age. A wata kalma, to saka ainihin ranar da al'adun ya zuwa yanzu ya kasa.

A kabilan ba cigaban bayan da Turai kan iyakoki, don haka da tasiri a kan ci gaban da makwabta wayewar ne kawai na waje. Sunan wannan archaeological al'ada samu ta hanyar da hanyar da binnewa, wanda yana da babbar adadin bambanci. Alal misali, idan muka kwatanta da catacomb da yamnye kabilu, sa'an nan na karshe binne ya isa ya tono karamin rami. A zurfin jana'izar farko da aka located a matakin 3-5 mita. Haka kuma, wadannan mounds sau da yawa da dama rassan, suka tafi zurfi a cikin bangarorin ko kawai. An yi imani da cewa a cikin wadannan catacombs aka binne shi ko mutane daga wannan iyali, ko da guda daraja ko matsayi.

Appliances catacomb kabilan kuma kyakkyawa da yawa daban-daban. Da fari dai, sun yi kusa su ba su da wani lebur kasa. Duk da haka, wannan za a iya bayyana ta da cewa kabilan ba tukuna fahimci duk saukaka samar, ko ba su da irin wannan damar. Abu na biyu, dukkan jita-jita da wani squat siffar. Ko da ka karba da tulun, sa'an nan tsayinsa - ne kadan. Akwai kuma wani m ado. Kamar dukan kabilan lokacin, shi ya za'ayi da taimakon igiyar kwaikwayo. Qawata da kawai na sama na samfur.

A bindigogi da aka sanya yafi na silicon. Wannan abu da aka yi amfani da a samar da arrowheads, wukake, rike da wuka, da sauransu. Wasu gwani sana'a a kabilan amfani da itace domin samar da kumar kasko. Bronze aka yi amfani ne kawai ga samar da kayan ado.

Rasha Al'adu na Bronze Age

Abin baƙin ciki, da archaeological al'adu na Bronze Age a Rasha kasa isa girma ganiya, amma a cikin sauran ci gaban ba zai iya watsi da sikelin lokaci. Yana Dates baya ga 4-3 Millennium BC. e. Russia a lokacin tsunduma a noma. Don babban har mamaye gandun daji magani, amma sannu a hankali mutane suka fara samar da namo na kasa m ƙasar.

Akwai kananan Jump a gina gidaje. Idan baya ƙauyuka gina gidaje yi kawai a cikin kwaruruka, amma yanzu suna motsi zuwa tuddai. Har ila yau, ya fara m tabbatarwa daga gine-gine.

Farkon Bronze Age archaeological al'ada ya bambanta Maikop ƙauyuka. Daga baya ya kasu kashi daban-daban da dama gidaje. A mafi m kan shagaltar da yankuna ne gawa da Andronovo al'adu.

Maikop al'ada

Maikopskaya archaeological al'ada Dates farkon tagulla shekaru, shi wanzu a cikin 3rd Millennium BC. e. a Arewa Caucasus. Na samu Monuments da kayayyakin gargajiya, za mu iya cewa da yawan jama'a da aka tsunduma a cikin dabbõbin ni'ima kiwo da kuma aikin noma. Al'adu samo asali a cikin yankin arewa maso yammacin kuma a tsakiyar Caucasus. A rarrabe da kabilu ne tsaoho a samar da kayan aikin da iyali abubuwa. Duk da haka, duk da m look daga wadannan kayayyakin, da wayewa hankali ci gaba. Bugu da kari, shi ne a wata hanya ba, baya zuwa sauran more zamani ga cewa lokaci kayan aikin.

Har ila yau, godiya ga archaeological ya gano cewa, ba za mu iya kammala da cewa, Maikop archaeological al'ada a da ganiya bai iyakance yankin akidar kawai Arewa Caucasus. Akwai burbushi na shi a Chechnya, a kan Taman Larabawa, har zuwa Dagestan da kuma Georgia. Af, a kan iyakokin wadannan kwaminonin ne biyu daban-daban al'adu (Kura-Araxes da Maikop) suna samu, a can ne interlacing su. Kafin iyakar binciken, masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa mataki a cikin tambaya ya faru a daban-daban sau. Kuma yayin da m bayani game da hadawa da al'adu ba.

gawa al'ada

Gawa archaeological al'ada th kwanan rana 2-1 millennia BC. e. Yankin ƙasar kabilan aka dauke a wajen m, shi yada daga cikin Dnieper yanki da Urals, daga Kama zuwa gaba na Black kuma Caspian Tekuna. Yana samu da sunan da saboda yawan log Tsarin. Shin ba zama ba tare da hankali da kuma jana'izar ayyukan hajji, binnewa filaye, a sama wanda yawanci gina log bukkokin.

tribal ƙauyuka aka located kai tsaye kusa da kogin, yawanci a kan baranda capes. Sau da yawa suna garu da ramuka, kuma ramparts. Ba mu karfafa tsarin, amma tare da mai kyau waje kariya cewa bai bukatar ka yi. Kamar yadda aka ambata, duk gine-gine da aka yi da itace, wani lokacin kuma ru ta yi daga lãka garwayayye.

Gawa archaeological al'ada tsaya fita, kamar haka wasu da dama, da hanyoyin da mai gabannin jana'izata. Ba kamar da magabata, kabilan rako marigayin mutum, taro kaburbura ne musamman rare. Burials kungiyoyin a wuri guda domin 10-15 embankments. Akwai halayyar alama na da wuri daga cikin matattu - a kan gefen, shugaban zuwa arewacin gefe. Wasu burials hada da cremated matattu kuma dismembered. Wannan zai iya zama ko dai shugabannin kabilu ko cin zarafin.

A lokacin farin ciki lebur-bottomed cookware amfani yayin da gawa al'adu. A farko shi kokarin ado da ado. Daga baya ya yi da ya saba tukwane ko kwantena. Idan akwai wani abin kwaikwaya, shi ne m, ko toothed. A na kowa alama a cikin wani Popular jita-jita - da predominance na lissafi siffofin. Wuya gani m ãyõyi, wanda mafi bincike sanyã wa da m rubuce.

Da farko, duk da bindigogi da aka yi na duwatsu da kuma tagulla amma a wani marigayi mataki bikin baƙin ƙarfe Bugu da kari. Tattalin arziki aiki ya dabbõbi, amma shi ne mafi kowa aikin noma.

Andronovo al'ada

Andronovo archaeological al'ada samo sunanta ne daga wurin da farko binciken alaka da shi da aka samu. Kwanan rana wannan lokaci 2-1 Millennium BC. e. A kabilan zauna kusa da zamani kauyen Andronovo (Krasnoyarsk Territory).

A rarrabe al'ada aka dauke su da dabbobinku. Mutane bred da tumaki, da fari-stockinged, Hardy dawakai, da bijimai-Olympics. Tare da waɗannan dabbobi, suka gudanar da ci gaba cikin sauri. Wasu malaman bayar da shawarar cewa Androns tafi India da kuma aza farkon ita kansa wayewa.

Androns asali rayu a cikin Urals, sa'an nan suka koma zuwa Siberia, inda wasu daga cikinsu ci gaba da tafiya a cikin shugabanci na Kazakhstan. Ya zuwa yanzu, duk da yawan daban-daban binciken da kayayyakin gargajiya, da masu bincike ba zai iya sanin ko me ya sa kabilan yanke shawarar a kan irin wannan babban-sikelin hijirarsa.

Idan muka kwatanta duk archaeological al'adun Rasha da suke zaune a Bronze Age, shi ne Androns zama mafi fama. Sun halitta karusarsa, ya iya buge a dakarun ko ma wani cikakken fledged ƙauyuka sauri fiye da kowa. Shi ne mai yiwuwa wannan ya bayyana hijirarsa, saboda a bi suka kokarin samun karin dadi ƙasa domin mafi rayuwa. Kuma idan kun yi - da kuma ci nasara da su.

Rami Kabari Al'adu

A ƙarshen Bronze Age zo a cikin karfi Yamnaya archaeological al'adu. A kan ƙasa na Rasha kyan gani, kabilan ya fito daga gabas, da kuma da rarrabe fasalin - wani wuri da dabbobinku. Mutane da yawa suna fara} tare da aikin noma, kamar nan da nan ya koma kiwo na dabbobi. The sunan al'ada ne saboda binne rami. Sun kasance sassauka kuma dadadden, amma shi ne su kuma rarrabe.

A wannan lokaci Yamnaya archaeological al'adu ne mafi karatu. Mounds located a kan tudu fi, suka kokarin kamar yadda zai yiwu a cire daga cikin kogin. Shi ne wata ila cewa da zarar shiri ya malale, lokacin a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, don haka mutane sun zama mafi m. Da wuya gano binne kai tsaye kusa da koguna. All kaburburan da aka located tare da shakka, a cikin kananan kungiyoyin (game da 5 mutuwar). A nesa daga daya binne wuri zuwa wani zai iya zama quite daban-daban, daga 50 zuwa mita 500.

Appliances yamnye kabilan sanya daga lãka. Kamar yadda a baya zamanin, shi ne mai lebur-bottomed tasoshin daban-daban masu girma dabam. Akwai babbar amphorae, wanda da zato adana hatsi da kuma taya, kazalika da kananan tukwane. a kan jita-jita ado amfani da karfi igiya, da kuma su kwaikwayo sun dukan kayan ado.

Samar daga duwatsu arrowheads, da gatura da wasu aiwatarwa. Ya kamata a lura da cewa rami haƙa da mutumin ba da hannu halitta m wuri ne na hakowa, wanda nauyi ne da taimakon duwatsu, idan ƙasar da aka m.

Kabilan amfani a yi na itace da na shi da suka aikata a kyawawan nagartaccen domin ta lokaci tsarin. Shi ne mai gadon ɗauka maras lafiya, sleds, jiragen da kuma kananan kuraye.

A cikin binciken, duk masu bincike lura ainihi rami al'adun kabilu alhakin hali zuwa jikuna daga matattu, saboda haka suna dangana ba kawai abu amma kuma ruhaniya dabi'u. Haka kuma, wadannan mutane sun fadada tasiri ga makwabta ƙauyuka.

Shi ne wata ila cewa karusarsa asali sanya ba ga m dalilai. Androns saboda, kamar mutane da yawa da wasu al'adu, sun makiyaya, irin m inji aka kamata su taimake su a cikin dabbõbin dabbobi. Daga baya kabilan samu karusai yawan aiki a cikin soja Sphere, fiye da nan da nan ya dauki amfani.

Imenkov al'ada

Imenkov archaeological al'ada Dates baya ga farkon tsakiyar zamanai (4-7 karni). An located a kan ƙasa na zamani Tatarstan, Samara da Ulyanovsk yankuna. Har ila yau, akwai kwayoyin links tare da wasu al'adu, wanda sun kasance a cikin unguwa.

Da zarar da yankin al'ada zo zuwa ga Bulgars, mafi Imenkovs tafi zuwa yamma. Bayan wani lokaci suka koma zuwa wani sabon mataki na ci gaba - qaddamar Volyntsevo mutane. Saura na gauraye da yawan jama'a, da kuma ƙarshe rasa duk da al'adu jari da kuma ilimi.

Imenkov archaeological al'ada yana da wani wuri na musamman a ci gaba da Slavic mutane. An dauke kabilan farko ya fara gudanar da aiki garma noma. A lokacin da wannan tsari da suka kasance sunã yin amfani da m plows, wanda aka gyarawa ferrules. Bugu da kari, a kan aiwatar da tara da girbi Imenkovs ma amfani mun gwada zamani ga cewa lokaci kayan aikin - baƙin ƙarfe sickles da scythes. Storage na hatsi fuskantar da shi ga ramin haƙa-a ma'ajiyar kayan abinci, ire-iren su zamani cellars. Nika girbi ya faru a niƙa a cikin manual version.

Imenkovs ci gaba cikin sauri, ba kawai a cikin nasu kabilu. Suna da nazarinsa inda narke karafa mined, wasu daga cikin dakunan musamman tsara don sana'a. Suna iya samar da jita-jita, ko tips for plows, kamar pruning shears. A tabbatacce rinjayar kabilan sun yi a kan makwabtaka da kauyuka, miƙa su ilimi, da fasaha cinikayya, aikin noma da kuma dabbobi husbandry. Saboda haka, wanda ya kamata ba rashin sanin cikakken farashi da al'adun Imenkovs ba kawai Russia, amma kuma kasashen makwabta.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da dama daga cikin archaeological al'adu na Slavs zo zuwa ga ƙasa na zamani Rasha daga gabas ko yamma ba. A cikin farko case, mutane koya sabon siffofin da halaye na noma, dabba husbandry basira ƙware. Kasashen yammacin turai kuma taimaka wajen ci gaban farauta da makamai da kuma fama da motocin. Abu daya ne wasu - kowane sabon al'ada ya yi wata babbar gudummawa ga general shafi tunanin mutum da ci gaba na dukan al'ummai, ko da abin da irin bidi'a shi ne ba.