Mene ne fuska biyu?

Fuska biyu - shi ne da sunan amfani a yi na nuna wariya da halaye domin hakkokin wasu jinsuna, mutanen, al'ummomi, mutum mutane. Wannan lokaci da aka yi amfani da su tantance da m events a cikin zaman takewar kimiyya, aikin jarida, da tattalin arziki, da kuma, musamman, a cikin manufofin. Gwamnatoci na kasashe daban-daban da ake ji irin wannan hanyoyin tantance abokan adawar, hukumance tantama kãfirta nuna bambanci ayyukan da mutane, ba don bayyana biyayya, kazalika da wa ta fafatawa a gasa da yaki ga shugaban kasa ko wani wurin zama a cikin majalisar dokokin kasar.

A kimantawa da hali na kusan guda batutuwa ne daban-daban dokokin, da dokoki da ka'idoji, dangane da yadda riba ta zama wani irin hali don wani mutum dauke da fitar da wani kima. Biyu misali - a m lokaci da ya hada da zabe adalci. A irin wannan halin da ake ciki, wani mutum kusa da gwamnati, ko da a cikin hali na high-profile laifuka ka kuɓuta ba, kuma maras so 'yan ƙasa ne a kurkuku ga qananan misdemeanors ko ƙarya zargin. Manufofin da fuska biyu a cikin Sphere na dangantakar kasa da kasa sau da yawa daukan nau'i na zargin maras so kasashe da gwamnatoci a take hakkin da yarjejeniyar, ta akida, da kuma alkawura na jama'a 'yancinsu da kuma rashin ganin girman dabi'u.

terminology

Kalmar «biyu misali» bayyana a cikin tsakiyar karni XIX a Birtaniya, kuma wannan jumlar da aka yi amfani da dangane da zalunci da halin kirki da bukatun ga mata da kuma maza. A Tarayyar Soviet, manufar "fuska biyu" a yi amfani da tun 50s karni na ashirin da ya koma zuwa aji da kuma launin fata rashin daidaito, halayyar jari hujja jihohi.

a harkokin siyasa

Fuska biyu a siyasar iya taimaka tasiri ra'ayi na wani ɓangare na yawan jama'a. Saboda haka, gwamnatin jihohi, aika sojoji zuwa daban-daban zafi spots, da ake kira da sojojin "kahon" da kuma abokan gaba - "m gangs." Alal misali, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin commissioning raka'a a Afghanistan, dubban conscripts da kuma jami'an da aka kira su ga sojoji-kahon. Lokacin da, bayan shekaru goma sha biyar, da Amurka da kuma kungiyar tsaro ta NATO sun fara gudanar da ayyukan a kan ƙasa na Jihar, gwamnati na zamani Rasha ta zargi su na kokarin zama na waje ƙasa saboda m dalilai.

Fuska biyu ne mafi m, a cikin lura, kallon kirki majalisar da zaben shugaban kasa a cikin CIS jamhuriyoyin da kuma ƙasashe masu tasowa. Saboda haka, idan gwamnati na wadannan jihohi shared da Western model na dimokuradiyya, da sakamakon zabe da aka gane ko. Kuma a cikin yanayi inda shugaba ko ya lashe ne nisa daga irin wannan akida, da masu lura ce game da mahara take hakki a lokacin za ~ e da kuma yarda da kammala zaben m, kuma undemocratic.

Wannan harka shi ne a fili a bayyane a lokacin da gwada da hali na kasashen turai da Jojiya da kuma Belarus. Saboda haka, da nasarar zanga-Western Jojiyanci Shugaba Mikhail Saakashvili, wakilan kungiyar EU kira da rabo daga dimokuradiyya, kamar wata kuri'a a cikin ni'imar da shugaban na Belarus Alexander Lukashenko - sakamakon barazana daga 'yan kasar da magudi. Kuma shi ba a dauki la'akari da cewa a cikin biyu post-Soviet jamhuriyoyin, wani gagarumin yawan fursunonin siyasa a kurkuku wanda ba yarda da ayyuka na mulki gwamnatin, da kuma wannan ya hada da 'yan siyasa, da' yan jarida, kawai aiki yan ƙasa.

A irin wannan halin da ake ciki ya shafi shari'ã jamhuriyoyin. Saboda haka, kasashen turai sun gane da sakamakon zaben raba gardama a kan Montenegro ta rabuwa da kuma samun 'yancin kai daga kasar Serbia, amma har yanzu ba su so su yarda da wanzuwar irin wannan jamhuriyoyin kamar yadda ta Kudu Ossetia, Abkhazia da kuma Transnistria. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa EU da Amurka da goyon bayan da abokan - Moldova da kuma Georgia, da kuma amincewa da ya balle yankuna detrimental da maslahohin wadannan jihohi.