Mene ne radiographic jarrabawa? Radiographic jarrabawa na welds. Radiographic jarrabawa: Gost

Dalili na radiation iko ne da ikon na nuclei na wasu abubuwa (isotopes) decompose ta samar da ionizing radiation. A kan aiwatar da makaman nukiliya fission aka fitad da na farko barbashi, wanda ake ce da radiation ko ionizing radiation. radiation Properties dogara ne a kan irin na farko barbashi jefarwa da tsakiya.

Corpuscular ionizing radiation

Alpha radiation bayyana bayan rushewar nauyi nuclei na helium. Jefarwa barbashi kunshi wani biyu daga protons da neutrons biyu. Bã su da wani babban taro da kuma low gudun. Wadannan suna lalacewa ta hanyar da babban bayãnin hukuncin halaye: kananan shigar azzakari cikin farji da kuma iko da makamashi.

Neutron radiation kunshi neutron juyi. Wadannan barbashi ba su da nasu lantarki cajin. Kawai a lokacin da neutrons hulɗa tare da nuclei na irradiated abu cajin ions aka kafa, don haka a karkashin neutron radiation generated sakandare jawo radioactivity a irradiated abu.

Beta radiation fãra daga halayen cikin cell tsakiya. Wannan canji na a proton cikin wani neutron, ko mataimakin versa. A wannan yanayin, electrons ake jefarwa ko antiparticle - positrons. Wadannan barbashi da kananan taro da kuma musamman high gudun. Su ikon ionize al'amari ne kananan, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da alpha barbashi.

Ionizing radiation tare da jimla yanayi

Gamma radiation yana tare da sama matakai emit alpha da beta barbashi daga cikin lalata da isotope kwayoyin halitta. An watsi photon juyi, wanda shi ne wani electromagnetic radiation. Kamar haske, gamma radiation yana da wani kalaman yanayi. Gamma barbashi tafiya a gudun haske, bi da bi, da wani babban iya shiga iko.

X-haskoki ma yana da nasa tushen a cikin electromagnetic taguwar ruwa, don haka yana da matukar kama da gamma radiation. Har ila yau, ya kira bremsstrahlung. A iya shiga ikon shi ya dogara da yawa daga cikin irradiated abu. Kamar ray haske ta bar wani fim a kan korau aibobi. Wannan yanayin na X-ray ne yadu amfani a fannoni daban daban na masana'antu da kuma magani.

Radiographic NDT Hanyar ne yafi amfani gamma- da X-radiation, wanda da electromagnetic kalaman yanayi, da kuma neutrons. Domin samar da radiation amfani da musamman kayan aikin da na'urorin.

X-ray inji

X-haskoki an samu yin amfani da X-ray shambura. Wannan gilashin ko soldered karfe-yumbu Silinda, daga abin da tikis iska don hanzarta da motsi na electrons. A garesu na wayoyin da alaka cikinta tare da daura zargin.

A cathode - a karkace daga cikin tungsten filament, wanda ya aiwatarda wani bakin ciki katako na electrons da anode. A karshen mafi yawa ana yi na jan karfe, yana da wani QFontDatabase yanke a wani kwana na 40 zuwa 70 digiri. A cikin cibiyar shi yana da wani farantin sanya na tungsten, da ake kira mayar da hankali anode. A cathode ake kawota wani alternating halin yanzu mita na 50 Hz don ƙirƙirar wani m bambanci a zura sandunan ɗaukarsa. A kwarara daga electrons a wani katako da dama kai tsaye a kan wani tungsten anode farantin daga wanda barbashi da cika fuska jinkirin motsi da electromagnetic oscillations faruwa. Saboda haka roentgen haskoki ake kira hanawa. Radiographic iko ne yafi amfani da X-haskoki.

Gamma da neutron emitters

A gamma radiation tushen - a rediyoaktif kashi yawanci isotope na cobalt, iridium ko cesium. A cikin na'urar da aka sanya a cikin wani gilashi na musamman kwantena.

Neutron emitters ake yi a cikin irin wannan abin kwaikwaya, shi ne amfani da kawai a cikin makamashi na neutron juyi.

radiography

Bisa ga Hanyar ganewa sakamakon sãɓã wa jũna radioscopic, radiometric da radiographic iko. A karshen Hanyar ne halin a cewa zana sakamakon rubuce uwa film ko farantin. Radiographic jarrabawa faruwa da ake ji radiation zuwa kauri daga cikin sarrafawa abu. A kasa abu injimin gano illa iko image bayyana a kan wanda spots da ratsi bayyana yiwu lahani (cavities, pores, fasa) wanda ya kunshi voids cika da iska, tun ionization na daban-daban abubuwa a lokacin da irradiated yawa faruwa inhomogeneously.

Domin ganewa na mufuradi amfani da farantin abu, wani fim, an X-ray takarda.

Amfanin Weld dubawa radiographic Hanyar da ta shortcomings

Lokacin da dubawa da ingancin da waldi kullum amfani da Magnetic, radiographic da ultrasonic gwaji. A cikin masana'antar mai da gas musamman sosai yayi nazari wuraren welded bututu gidajen abinci. Yana da yake a wadannan sassa radiographic dubawa Hanyar ne mafi mashahuri saboda undoubted abũbuwan amfãni a kan sauran kula da hanyoyin. Da fari dai, an dauke mafi bayyane: a kan injimin gano illa iya ganin daidai a kwafa daga ciki Jihar al'amari tare da wurare na lahani kuma su shaci.

Wani amfani - na musamman da daidaici. Lokacin gudanar da ultrasonic ko juyi-ƙofar iko akwai ko da yaushe wani Yiwuwar ƙarya ganewa saboda da lamba neman tare da magudi Weld. Lokacin da ba-lamba radiographic dubawa ne zai yiwu, watau, m ko wuya saman ba matsala.

Abu na uku, da hanyar ba ka damar sarrafa wani iri-iri na kayan, ciki har da ba-Magnetic.

A karshe, cikin hanya ne dace da amfani a m yanayin da fasaha yanayi. Akwai radiographic iko da man fetur da kuma iskar gas bututun ne kawai zai yiwu. Magnetic da kuma duban dan tayi kayan aiki sau da yawa ba malfunctions saboda low yanayin zafi ko tsarin fasali.

Duk da haka, shi yana da yawa rashin:

• Hanyar radiographic dubawa na welded gidajen abinci bisa yin amfani da tsada kayan aiki da kuma wasu kaya.
• Yana bukatar musamman horar da ma'aikata.
• Aiki tare da rediyoaktif radiation ne m ga kiwon lafiya.

Shiri domin iko

Shiri. Kamar yadda emitters amfani da X-ray da inji ko gamma aibi. Tsaftace surface, a gani dubawa for bayyane ido lahani, lamarin da dubawa batun yankunan da su alama kafin a fara da radiographic dubawa na welds. Duba yadda ya dace da kayan aiki.

Dubawa da matakin na ji na ƙwarai. A yankunan dage farawa daga matsayin for laulayi gwaji:

• waya - a rufe kanta, perpendicular zuwa gare shi.
• grooving - departing daga kabu ba kasa da 0.5 cm, da GROOVES shugabanci - perpendicular zuwa kabu.
• Farantin - departing daga kabu na akalla 0.5 cm ko a kabu a kan tunani alama ãyõyi kamata ba zama a bayyane a cikin hoton.

iko

Technology, kuma haihuwarka radiographic dubawa na welds ana ci gaba, dangane da kauri, siffar, zane fasali na sarrafawa abubuwa, daidai da jaddadawa. Matsakaicin canja nesa daga iko abu to radiographic fim - 150 mm.

A kwana tsakanin shugabanci na ray da al'ada ga fim ya zama kasa da 45 °.

A nesa daga radiation tushen da gwajin surface da aka lasafta bisa ga jaddadawa ga daban-daban na welds da kuma kayan kauri.

Evaluation na da sakamakon. A ingancin radiographic gwaji dogara a kan injimin gano illa amfani. Lokacin amfani radiographic film da ake ji kowane tsari dole ne a gwada for yarda da ake bukata sigogi. Reagents domin aiki images ma gwada wa suitability daidai da jaddadawa. Film shiri na Control da Management of ƙãre images ya zama a na musamman duhu wuri. Finished images dole ne bayyananne, ba tare da ba dole ba spots emulsion Layer kamata ba za a karya. Images of matsayin da tasirin kamata kuma a kyan gani sosai.

Don kimanta sakamakon da monitoring ma'aunai na girman da gano lahani ta yin amfani da musamman shaci, magnifiers, shugabanni.

Bisa ga monitoring sakamakon, yin dalilin a kan tushe, gyara ko kin amincewa, wanda aka sanya a cikin mujallolin, ya kafa nau'i na NTD.

A amfani da filmless gane

Yau, dijital fasahar aka ƙara shigar dasu cikin masana'antu samar, ciki har da a radiographic ba hallakaswa gwaji hanya. Akwai su da yawa na asali aukuwa na cikin gida da kamfanonin.

Lokacin da wani dijital data aiki tsarin a lokacin radiographic amfani reusable m farantin sanya na acrylic ko phosphorus. X-haskoki fada a kan farantin, sa'ilin da Laser aka leka, da kuma image ne tuba a kan allo. Lokacin da iko farantin tsari wuri analogously film gane.

Wannan hanya na da yawan sarari da abũbuwan amfãni idan aka kwatanta da fim radiography:

• Babu bukatar a dogon aiwatar da film aiki kayan aiki da kuma na musamman dakin don wannan manufa.
• babu bukatar kullum saya film da kuma reagents mata.
• fiddawa aiwatar daukan wani lokaci kadan.
• nan da nan bayarwa na dijital image quality.
• azumi archiving da kuma ajiya na bayanai a kan kafofin watsa labaru.
• da ikon yin amfani da mahara farantin.
• makamashi radiation a cikin iko za a iya rage da rabi, da kuma zurfin shigar azzakari cikin farji yana ƙaruwa.

Wannan shi ne, akwai wani kudin ajiyar banki na lokaci da kuma rage daukan hotuna matakan, ya kuma inganta hadarin sandarka.

Safety a lokacin radiographic gwaji

Domin rage mummunan tasiri da rediyoaktif haskoki a kan kiwon lafiya na ma'aikaci ne ake bukata da matužar bin aminci matakan ga aiwatar da duk matakai na radiographic gwaji na welded gidajen abinci. Basic aminci dokoki:

• All kayan aiki dole ne su kasance roadworthy, suna da zama dole takardun, da masu aikatawa - da ake bukata matakin da horo;
• a sashi na iko Kada damar mutane da suke ba su da alaka da samar da;
• emitter a lokacin aiki, wani ma'aikaci dole ne a located a gefe daura da shugabanci na radiation ba kasa da 20 m .
• da radiation tushen dole ne a sanye take da wani m garkuwa, wanda ya hana da watsawa na haskoki a cikin sarari.
• Kada ka zauna a sashi na yiwu radiation daukan hotuna iyaka ga tsawon lokaci.
• Radiation matakan a yankin na gano mutane dole ne a kullum da sanya idanu ta amfani da dosimeters.
• wuri dole ne a sanye take da wajen kariya a kan iya shiga sakamakon radiation, kamar gubar zanen gado.

Bayani dalla-dalla da kuma fasaha takardun, Gost

Radiographic gwaji na welded gidajen abinci ne da za'ayi a cewar Gost 3242-79. Key takardun for radiographic gwaji - Gost 7512-82, MDR 38.18.020-95. The girman da alama ãyõyi dole ne bi da Gost 15843-79. Type da kuma ikon da radiation kafofin da aka zaba dangane da kauri da kuma yawa daga cikin irradiated abu bisa ga Gost 20426-82.

Class ji na ƙwarai kuma irin misali ne kayyade ta Gost 23055-78 da Gost 7512-82. The aiki na radiographic images ne da za'ayi a cewar Gost 8433-81.

Lokacin aiki tare da kafofin daga radiation kamata a shiryar da arziki na Tarayya Law "A radiation Safety na Population", Jb 2.6.1.2612-10 "Basic Sanitary Dokokin radiation Safety", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.