Mene ne wani asymmetric Tarayya? Rasha - asymmetric Tarayya

Daya daga cikin muhimman halaye na wani tarayya tsarin na kasar shi ne tsakaitã ko asymmetrical. Daidaitan hakkin tsakanin mutum batutuwa na tarayya da wani babban tasiri a kan ci gaban da kasar a matsayin dukan da mutum yankuna musamman. A kayan buga kasa, mun yi la'akari da cikakken bayani game da wadannan nau'o'i guda biyu na tarayyar. Tattauna yadda za su bambanta, abin da yake rashin daidaito, da kuma dalilin da ya sa Rasha - asymmetric Tarayya.

Federation ãyõyi

Federation - wata kungiya da dama jama'a abokai, da ake kira jamiái. Su ba su da jiha da mulki, amma suna da quite a high ikon haifar da nasu dokoki da dokokin. The mutum gundumomi da kuma yankuna ne ma batun tsarin mulkin kasar inda located. Duk da haka, suna da nasu cibiyoyi na dan kasa, babban birnin kasar, flag da sauran abubuwa na shari'a matsayi na jihar. Yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa wani mutum guda ba zai iya zama memba na dangantakar kasa da kasa, ba da barin tarayya. Kowace daga cikinsu wakiltar jihar, lardin, jihar, ko ƙasa (a cikin irin Jamus ko Austria).

Saboda haka, hukumar yana da wadannan halayyar fasali:

• Federation ƙasa ne zuwa kashi daban daban (batutuwa).
• majalisu da kuma shari'a ikon da aka bada a cikin jama'a hukumomi.
• a wadannan kasashe akwai biyu ɗakunan ajiya na majalisar dokokin kasar.

Akwai tsakaitã da asymmetrical Tarayya.

tsakaitã Federation

Don fara, bari mu magana game da farko irin. Tsakaitã Federation - shi ne mai Tarayya, da babban alama wanda yake da daidaitakar dukan gundumomi a cikin ƙasa. Wasu yankuna na jamhuriyar kuma suna uniform a cikin yanayi da kuma samun daidai matsayi da juna. Yawanci, batutuwa a kasar da wani m sunan, kamar gundumar ko lardi. Su yi amfani da wannan iko tsarin, ba tare da wani yanki da bambance-bambance. A matakin na ci gaba da batutuwa ne kamar a wannan matakin a matsayin mutum na rayuwa. Harkokin kiwon lafiya da ilimi da ake aiki a karkarar tarayya a irin wannan hanya. Yawa na zamani jihohin da aka motsi zuwa ga gabatarwar asymmetrical abubuwa, kamar yadda ko da musamman tsakaitã Tarayya ba zai iya dogon zama a cikin wannan tsari.

asymmetric Tarayya

Akwai kuma akasin irin kasashe. Asymmetric Tarayya - wani nau'i na gwamnati a wadda a daban-daban jamhuriyoyin, gundumomi ko ƙasar hakkokin ne unequal. Mutane daya-daya 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a wadannan} asashe sun bambanta cikin sharuddan su status. Alal misali, jamhuriyar matsayin wani ɓangare na Tarayya na iya baiwa dan kasa ga mutane na musamman. Suna da can nasu tsarin mulki, daban-daban daga cewa soma a kasar. A daidai wannan lokaci, wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, da karami, iya ƙirƙirar kawai nasu charters. Wasu daga cikin jamhuriyar yi shelar kansu sarki jihohin, a fili suna nuni da shi a cikin doka takardun. All ƙasa da albarkatun ne dũkiyar 'yan asalin rayuwa a cikin iyakokinta. Yana ba da dukan siffofin da ya kamata a yi la'akari. Jeri na bangaren ne ma bayyanannu a cikin haraji biya tsarin. All batutuwa na Tarayya cika tarayya kasafin kudin da samun wani rabo kamasho. Duk da haka, wasu kananan hukumomi na iya zama mai bayarwa jihohin da ba yawa fiye da da suke samu, da kuma wasu - don samun m tallafin da kawai wanzu saboda su. Wasu batutuwa kuma ya aikata shawarwari ƙananan haraji biya da kuma ajiye wani ɓangare na kudi ga kansa.

Misalai tsakaitã Tarayya

Misalai zalla tsakaitã tarayyar data kasance a yau, ba sosai. Wata irin wannan ne Habasha. A kasar ta ayyana kanta a tsakaitã Tarayya a shekarar 1994, kullawa shi rubuce a kan kansu tsarin mulki. A irin wannan jihar kawai don wani lokaci zai iya zama, tun kowane guda yankunan na Tarayya ba zai iya ci gaba kan daidai gabãtarwar da sauransu. Saboda wannan, a cikin tsarin da gwamnati a gabatar da wasu canje-canje, ba da kasar ãyõyin jeri na bangaren. Kamar wancan muka isa a Austria da Jamus.

Austria

A Austria, yanzu administrative rabo daga cikin kasar a kan 9 mulkin gargajiya asashe, ciki har da birnin Vienna, wanda shi ne babban birnin na tarayya. Duniya, bi da bi, an hada da mutum gundumomi, shatan birane da kuma al'umma. The kafa dokoki na dukan ƙasashe aka zabe su ta hanyar kuri'u. Land gwamnonin zabe ta majalisar ƙasar. A lokaci guda, da administrative hukumomi na Board an nada ta jihar kan. Wadannan dokoki tambaya a ko'ina cikin kasar, amma kowane gundumar yana da wani raba tsarin shari'a, wanda, ko da yake da nasaba da wani tarayya, amma har yanzu yana da nasa bambance-bambance. Wasu wurare na rayuwa, kamar magani, misali, suna a duniya domin dukan ƙasar da kuma kasashen na da Tarayyar Turai. Duk da haka, ko da a nan akwai wasu decentralization (as a Amurka). Kowane lardi a Austria yana da biyu da mutum ayyuka a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiyar, kazalika da yawan gazawa. Similar qananan bambance-bambance za a iya lura a cikin fannoni na ilimi, makamashi ko karafa.

Jamus

A Jamus, shi aiki mai kama da tsarin. A Federation yana da 16 jihohi. 13 daga cikinsu akwai jama'a yankin, da kuma 3 uku - birane. Yawan ya hada da babban birnin Hamburg, Berlin da kuma Bremen. Raba da wani ɓangare na sunan a Jamus tarayya ƙasashe, amma ba quite daidai, kamar yadda bisa ga hukuma takardun, dukansu suna tattare wuri guda a daya bayyana kuma ba su gani ba kamar yadda m administrative raka'a. Yan majalisa - lagdat - kowane gundumar zabe da mutãne, to, da zartarwa jikinsu, da firayin ministan kasar da kuma sauran gundumomi suna nada ta Landtag. Abinda ya samar a Jamus jeri na bangaren abubuwa - unequal misali na ƙasar a cikin ƙananan gidan, amma da bin doka har yanzu suna daidaita matsayi.

Misalai na asymmetric Tarayya

Hankula misalai na wani asymmetric Tarayya ne kasashe irin su India, Tanzania, Brazil da kuma Canada. Wasu ƙasar da kuma kananan hukumomi a wadannan kasashe ne sun fi mayar daban-daban daga juna bisa ga matsayi, kuma yancin. Yawan irin kasashen sun hada da Amurka da kuma Rasha. A gaskiya ma, kasashen biyu suna tarayyar tare da multilevel fasali tarayya tsarin. Akalla wancan ne abin da aka rubuta a cikin tsarin mulkin kasa.

USA

Idan warai saba da Amurka tsarin gwamnati, da amsar tambayar dalilin da ya sa wannan an dauki wani asymmetric Tarayya, ta zama fiye da bayyane yake. Saboda haka, Amurka ne zuwa kashi 55 jihohi. Kowace daga cikinsu yana daidai da mutuncinsu, da mazaunan wadannan jihohi su ne American jama'a ba tare da wani ware. Mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin ƙasa na kasar, da wannan 'yancin da wajibai. The kama shi ne cewa ban da asali jihohin america sõyayya da su 'yan more batutuwa. DC, misali. Wannan yankin ne ba a hada a wani daga cikin ma'aikatan da kuma mutanen da suka rayu a yankin ƙasarta, da m yancin. A wannan yanayin, Colombia babu wanda yake a cikin majalisar dattijai, da kuma wani wakili a majalisar Congress ba ko da suna da 'yancin kada kuri'a. Wannan category iya hada tsibirin yankuna na zuwa Amurka. Wannan Virgin Islands, American Samoa da kuma Guinea. Wasu daga cikin wadannan wurare shi ne a karkashin cikakken iko na jihar, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani 'yanci cikin sharuddan kai gwamnati. Haka kuma, mazaunan tsibirin su ba ko da jama'ar {asar Amirka, su ne talakawansu, haka, ba zai iya ko shiga a cikin zaben shugaban kasa.

Canada

Canada ne zuwa kashi 10 larduna da kuma 3 yankuna. Wadannan iri batutuwa bambanta a kan wani yawan abubuwan. Lardunan samun mafi girma iko da aka shirki da su ta hanyar da kundin tsarin mulki da baya a 1867. Su 'yancin ne unshakable. Suna iya canza kawai ta hanyar sauya kundin tsarin mulkin kanta. Lardin m daga gwamnatin tarayya da kuma daga juna. Wannan yana nufin cewa ko da idan tsarin mulki dokar akwai canje-canje, za su yi aiki a kan gundumar, wanda ya bayyana ta rashin jituwa tare da soma gyara. Kamar wancan lardin kundin tsarin mulkin za su iya canza a kowane lokaci. Independent na Canada kuma iya fitowa dokokin suke da dangantaka da su yankin na aiki, zama da shi magani, ilimi ko kasuwanci, amma gwamnatin tarayya domin ta bangare, zai iya gabatar da wani shirin na raba gundumar dubawa a kan matakin na iyawa a wannan yanki. Control lardin hukumomin a cikin wannan harka iya watsi da shirin.

Rasha matsayin asymmetric Tarayya

Rasha ne asymmetric Tarayya, duk da cewa kundin tsarin mulki ta tanadi kishiyar jihar. Bisa ga bayanin da a kayyade a Mataki na ashirin da 5 na kundin tsarin mulki, duk jihar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo (Zhicheng, yankuna da kuma jamhuriyoyin) ne cikakken daidai. Ko da kuwa da yankin halaye. Duk da haka, ya tabbatar da cewa Rasha ne asymmetric Tarayya, shi isa ga la'akari da yadda za a yi aiki da wasu daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, musamman na kasar. Wasu daga cikin su suna da nasu tsarin mulki, zaben shugaban kasa (misali, da Chechnya Jamhuriyar ne a zahiri shine raba jihar). Peoples da suke zaune a wadannan yankunan suna da nasu kabila, duk da cewa su har yanzu rayuwa a cikin Rasha. Federated abokai irin wannan gata ba su mallaka. Wasu m yankuna duk wani bangare ne na mutum gefuna cewa tsokani a ƙarƙashin daya batu zuwa wani. kasa wakilan da kwangila tare da mutum gundumomi, jamhuriyoyin da larduna. A mafi yawan lokuta, wadannan yarjejeniyoyi ba bambanta da juna, amma wasu daga cikin batutuwa bayar more iko.

Fada tsakanin Rasha da kuma jeri na bangaren

The Russian Federation ne asymmetrical, amma ƙoƙarin warware wannan tsarin, Jihar tsarin da aka yi a cikin karni na ƙarshe. Shugaban RSFSR Koli Soviet Boris Yeltsin a shekarar 1990, samarwa hada duk ƙarƙashin gundumar da kuma gefen Jamhuriyar Czech, amma wannan aikin bai samu karin ci gaba. Daga baya, a shekarar 1995, wasu canje-canje sun faru. A shugabannin gundumomi guda hakkin a matsayin shugaban kasar na Jamhuriyar. A baya can, gwamnonin da aka nada ta hanyar hukumomi, kuma a cikin lokaci tun 1995, kuma sũ, zabe da mutane a yau.