Mene ne wani lichen? Lichens a yanayi. fom lichens

Bayan karanta wannan labarin, za ka koyi abin da shi kunshi lichen, wanda sune siffofin wadannan shuke-shuke, kazalika da rawar da suka taka a yanayi da mutum tattalin arziki aiki. Za mu gaya muku game da yadda za su sha danshi, bayyana su metabolism.

Inda akwai lichens?

Lichens aka saba da rayuwa ko a cikin toughest yanayi, suka sukan gyarawa inda wasu rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ba zai iya zama. Su je ga arewa da kuma kudu a kan sauran shuke-shuke. A cikin Himalayas, suka samu a altitudes sama 5600 m.

Lichens, misalai da yawa na abin da zai iya zama kusan duk wani surface, ko busasshiyar dutse m hamada, sauran irin ƙwaro ko bleached kashi matattu dabbobi. Daya irin (Verrucaria serpuloides) zaune na dogon lokaci jefa a cikin garin kankara ruwan Antarctica da sauran (Lecanora esculenta) ɗauke da iska. Kuma ko da yake da sauran lichens ne sosai m zuwa kowane irin masana'antu sharar gida, irin wannan matsayin Lecanora conizaeoides, fili bunƙasa a tsakanin kyawawan datti wurare.

fom lichens

A daidai da ci gaban halaye na duk aka sani jinsunan wadannan shuke-shuke (da su 15 000) ya kasu kashi uku main kungiyoyin. Taƙaitaccen bayanin kowannensu.

Foliose bunƙasa, a cikin yankunan da nauyi ruwan sama. Kamar yadda ka yiwuwa gane, suna haka mai suna saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin irin kama ganye. Daya daga su jinsin aka wakilta a cikin hoto a kasa.

A gaba kungiya - crustose (cortical). Su ne resistant zuwa fari da haka fi yawa a cikin hamada. Hawansa lichens a kusa lamba tare da substrate, wanda aka girma. Caloplaca heppiana, misali, sau da yawa samu a kan garun, da gravestones. Wannan kuma wani adadin kamance da shi shuka iri ban sha'awa a gare mu aka yi amfani a matsayin substrate na shekaru Manuniya. Lichens wannan kungiya sukan haske launin da kuma gashin ne a naman kaza.

A karshe, bushy iya dauka danshi daga iska da kuma su ne yafi a cikin yankunan da gumi sauyin yanayi. A size da kuma bayyanar da shuke-shuke ban sha'awa mana ne sosai bambancin. Wasu daga cikin su samar da yarn tsawon na 2,75 m ko fiye, alhãli kuwa da sauran ne ba da wani pinhead.

Mene ne wani lichen?

Wadannan kwayoyin suna kafa daga shuke-shuke na zuwa biyu daban-daban sassan: daga algae da naman gwari. Ka faɗa mini karin game da abin da yake a cikin lichen. Yana wakiltar daya daga cikin mafi nasara misalai na mutualism. Wannan kalma tana nufin m cinikayya da cewa za a iya kafa tsakanin biyu jũna kwayoyin.

Algal bangaren - wani muhimmanci kashi na abin da yake a cikin lichen. Wannan shi ne yawanci ko dai kore ko blue-kore algae. Naman kaza bangaren - wakilin marsupials fungi ko ascomycetes. Tare da rare ware, to lichens ne kawai wadanda shuke-shuke da wanda ya kunshi guda jinsunan naman gwari, da kuma wani irin algae. Na karshen, mafi sau da yawa a cikin abun da ke ciki na wadannan shuke-shuke (fiye da 50% na nau'in) ya hada da guda-celled kore alga Trebouxia, amma akwai iya zama sauransu.

Saboda haka, to lichens ne kwayoyin kunshi wani naman gwari da kuma algae, wanda aka located in moriyar cohabitation. A nan ne wani misali. Xanthoria parietina (hoton da ke ƙasa) ne yawanci samu a kan kankara a bakin tekun, kazalika a kan garun, da rufi na gidaje. Ta orange patelliform fruiting jikin (apothecia) da fasali kusan indistinguishable daga fruiting jikin naman gwari saniyar ware.

Lokacin da yanka da lichen za a iya gani bakin ciki saman Layer tam interwoven fungal hyphae. mutum sel kore algae hada. M lichen ne kwayoyin wanda jiki da aka hada da loosely interwoven fungal hyphae, wanda aka located a kasa wani bakin ciki hyphae Layer kama saman.

A ci gaba da lichens

Suna girma sosai a hankali. Mai crustose jinsunan da wuya girma a size kan shekara ta fiye da 1 mm. Sauran siffofin lichens girma dan kadan sauri, amma su ƙara ba fiye da 1 cm a kowace shekara. Yana bi da cewa ya fi girma jinsunan wadannan tsire-tsire ne sosai m shekaru. Sun yi imani da cewa wasu wakilan wasu Arctic jinsin su ne girmi 4000 shekaru.

Tare da ake kira lihenometrii, t. E. Ji lichen ko ƙayyade da shekaru dutse saman. Wannan hanya shekaru glaciers da gigantic megaliths (manyan boulders) da aka shigar. A karshen da aka samu on Easter Island a cikin tekun Pacific.

Advanced shekaru na wadannan shuke-shuke nuna cewa suna da wani fairly high kungiyar da kuma cewa dangantaka tsakanin algae da naman gwari ne da daidaita. Amma da gaskiya yanayi na wannan dangantaka shi ba tukuna bayyana.

metabolism

Photosynthetic algae, kamar sauran kore shuke-shuke samar da abinci duka biyu abokan, a matsayin naman gwari yana da wani chlorophyll. Simple carbohydrates an hada da algae, tsaya da shi, kuma ana tunawa da naman gwari, wanda ake tuba a cikin sauran carbohydrates. Wannan carbohydrate metabolism kuma shi ne tushen da dankantakar halitta da ya kai ga samuwar lichen. A mi} a mulki na gina jiki daga algae da naman gwari ne sosai azumi: an gano cewa, da fungi da lokacin da za a maida da sugars samu daga algae, minti uku daga farkon photosynthesis.

danshi sha

Lichens, mamaye mai yawa danshi, ya bambanta da yawa a cikin girma. Abu mai muhimmanci kara da tsawo. Rabuwa da gabobin da ba da sha danshi, wadannan tsire-tsire ba. Haushi ya yi aikin biyu daga cikin wadannan ayyuka. Akwai kuma wani lichens na'urorin ya kare su daga transpiration, wanda ake da raya, misali, da jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke. Yawancin mu muna sha'awar a kwayoyin danshi samun a cikin iska, maimakon daga ƙasa. Sun sha ruwa tururi. Kawai 'yan jinsin a haɗe zuwa substrate, suna da ikon ya dauki danshi daga shi.

A amfani da lichens

Lichens ne bambancin a cikin yanayi aikace-aikace: bauta a matsayin abinci dabbobi (msl, lissafi ga kashi biyu bisa uku na rage cin abinci reindeer), amfani da wani abu don tsuntsaye sheƙarsu samar da wani Haven ga wani jam'i na irin kananan kwaro kamar ticks, beetles, malam kuma katantanwa. Sun kawo amfani ga mutum. Ruwan 'ya'ya na lichens amfani da zarar ga rini, na wanda sewed Scottish skirt. Daga cikin wadannan samu rawaya, launin ruwan kasa, ja, da shunayya,
fenti. Intermediate launuka samu counterstained.

Icelandic gansakuka (Cetraria islandica) ga fiye da karni biyu, amfani da antitussives. Yanzu a wasu lichens usnic acid, wani mutum ya yi amfani da su bi da na waje raunuka da kuma tarin fuka.

Modern bincike ya same su maganin rigakafi da suke da tasiri kan cututtuka kamar ciwon huhu, da mulufi zazzabi. Bugu da kari, wadannan shuke-shuke suna amfani a cikin masana'antar. Saboda haka, daga lichen Roccella sp. Sai ta fitar da wani musamman litmus - a sinadaran nuna alama cewa yana ja karkashin acidic yanayi da kuma shudi a alkaline.