NATO. Mambobin kungiyar ta NATO. NATO makamai

NATO - daya daga cikin mafi iko soja da siyasa da kungiyoyi a duniya. Akwai fiye da shekaru 60 da. Da farko halitta kamar yadda wani ƙawance tsarin, tsara don} alubalantar manufofin da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma yiwuwar reviving da soja bukatun na capitulating Jamus. Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet, NATO shiga rukunin masu rinjaye na kasashen gabashin Turai na tsohon Tarayyar kungiyar. Wasu manazarta ce game da al'amurra na shigar da naúrar (ko da a cikin m nan gaba) zuwa Jojiya da kuma Ukraine. An ban sha'awa Gaskiyar ita ce, ƙoƙarin shiga NATO (ko bushãra da wani hadin gwiwar sojoji da siyasa hadin gwiwa a key duniya al'amurran da suka shafi), kuma ya aikata da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma na zamani Rasha. Yanzu NATO hada da} asashe 28.

A manyan rawa a soja sharuddan a cikin wannan shiri wasa da United States. Naúrar a lura da shirin "Partnership for Peace", a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da kasar Rasha Federation shirya aikin da majalisar "Rasha-NATO". Ya kunshi biyu main Tsarin - International sakatariya da Soja kwamitin. Yana yana da wata babbar soja albarkatun (Response Force). NATO hedkwatar aka located a Belgium babban birnin Brussels. A Alliance yana da biyu na aikin harsuna - Faransa da kuma Turanci. Organization karkashin jagorancin Sakatare Janar. NATO kasafin kudin ne zuwa kashi uku iri - farar hula, soja (mafi capacious kudi) da kuma kudade na tsaro shirin. Alliance sojoji da hannu a rikicin makamai a Bosnia da Herzegovina (1992-1995 shekaru), {asar Yugoslavia, (1999 th), Libya (2011 th). NATO An manyan sojojin kasa da kasa da karfi wajen tabbatar da tsaro a Kosovo, ke taka rawa a cikin shawarar da soja da siyasa da matsaloli a yankin Asia, da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Yana kula da hulda tsakanin soja Tsarin cikin Rum yankin, gano da kungiyoyi da hannu a cikin wadata da makaman kare dangi. A Alliance ne rayayye shiga a cikin kasa da kasa hirar da Rasha, China, India da kuma sauran manyan ikokin. A cewar wasu masu bincike, da tashin hankali tsakanin NATO da kuma Rasha a matsayin doka magaji na Tarayyar Soviet ya taba bace, kuma a yanzu ya ci gaba da girma.

samar da NATO

NATO da aka kafa a shekarar 1949 ta goma sha biyu da jihohi. Geographically, kasar ta manyan kungiyar da ake halitta, ciki har da Amurka - mafi tasiri a cikin harkokin siyasa da kuma soja a jihar da damar zuwa cikin tekun Atlantic, wanda ya rinjayi sunan sabon duniya tsarin. NATO (kungiyar tsaro ta NATO) - wannan Arewa Atlantic yarjejeniyar Organization, wato, da Arewa Atlantic kungiyar aiki a karkashin kwangilar. shi ne ake kira da Alliance sau da yawa.

Dalilin da naúrar ya 'yan adawa ga siyasa bukatun na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma kasashen abokantaka da ita, a Gabashin Turai da kuma sauran sassan duniya. Bisa ga yarjejeniyar tsakanin NATO kasashen samar da juna soja tsaro a hali na fitina da kwaminisanci jihohin duniya. Duk da haka, wannan siyasa jam'iyya da gudummawar da hadewa trends a cikin kasashen da kafa shi. A shekara ta 1952, ya koma kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, Girka da kuma Turkey, a 1956 - West Germany da kuma a 1982 - Spain. Bayan da Tarayyar Soviet rushewar block kara fadada da tasiri a cikin duniya.

NATO bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet

Lokacin da Rasha ta ruguje, zai ze, da bukatar da kara zama na Alliance bace. Amma ya juya daga duk ba daidai ba. Mambobin kungiyar ta NATO ba kawai ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da naúrar, amma kuma ya fara fadada da tasiri. A shekarar 1991, an halitta da Yuro-Atlantic Partnership Council, wanda yake lura da aiki tare da kasashen da suke ba membobin NATO. Da cewa wannan shekarar, da huldar da yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu tsakanin jihohin da Alliance, Rasha da Ukraine.

A 1995, wani shirin aka kafa a kan gina tattaunawa tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya (Isra'ila da Jordan), Arewacin Afirka (Misira, Tunisiya) da kuma Rum. Ta aka shiga a matsayin Mauritania da Morocco da kuma Algeria. A shekara ta 2002, shi da aka halitta da Majalisar "Rasha-NATO" cewa ba da damar kasashen su ci gaba da gina wata tattaunawa a kan al'amurran da suka shafi key na siyasar duniya - da yaki da ta'addanci, ta iyakance yaduwar makamai.

Samar da NATO sojoji

A siffar NATO, wanda tufãtar da sojoji block da bai taba aka kenan. Soja sake kamanni kan kasa nagartacce, duk fiye ko žasa kamar - shi ne kore, kuma inuwõyinta suna kusa, "hacks". Wani lokacin da sojojin sa kan ƙarin iri tufafi (abin da ake kira sake kamanni overalls) a lokacin da wani musamman aiki a musamman muhallin (hamada ko steppe). A wasu ƙasashe, NATO form ƙunshi dama kayayyaki da alamu, da barin cimma mafi kyau masking sojoji.

A Amurka, misali, mafi m sake kamanni juna a biyar core nagartacce. Da fari dai, shi ne Woodland - tufafi da hudu tabarau na kore. Abu na biyu, wannan hamada 3 launi - uniform domin ayyukan soji a cikin hamada cewa ya ƙunshi uku tabarau. Na uku, wannan hamada 6-launi - da sauran tufafi zaɓi don yãƙi a cikin hamada, wannan lokaci da shida tabarau. Kuma akwai biyu bambance-bambancen karatu na hunturu kayan - hunturu (haske ko Milky farin launi) da kuma dusar ƙanƙara hunturu (cikakken tsarki da fari inuwa). Duk wadannan launuka - wani mai shiryarwa a gare zanen kaya na da yawa wasu sojojin da tufãtar da sojoji a sake kamanni NATO.

An ban sha'awa juyin halitta daga cikin kayan da Amurka Army. Sake kamanni kanta - a gwada kwanan nan ƙarya. Har ya zuwa farkon 70s, American sojoji sun kasance mafi yawa tufafi na musamman kore. Amma a lokacin aiki a Vietnam irin launi da aka ba gamsarwa da bukatun na yaki a Jungle yanayi, sakamakon pereoblachilis sojoji a sake kamanni, da barin mask a cikin Rainforest. A cikin 70 na da irin wannan nau'i ya zama kusan kasa misali ga US Army. A hankali akwai gyare-gyare na sake kamanni - guda biyar launuka.

NATO sojojin

NATO yana da babba da sojoji, na yawan jama'a - mafi girma a duniya, yana dauke da wasu soja masana. Akwai iri biyu dakarun na Alliance - United da kuma na kasa. Key NATO soja naúrar na farko da irin - shi ne mayar da martani sojojin. Sun kasance a shirye domin ma nan da nan hallara a musamman yadda ake gudanar a cikin yankunan gida na halitta da kuma soja rikice-rikice, ciki har da a kasashen waje da kungiyar. NATO ma yana da, da kuma nan da nan martani sojojin. Kuma da girmamawa a cikin su Harnessing ba a kan m amfani da makamai, da kuma m sakamako - by canja wuri zuwa wani wuri na yaki da babban yawan daban-daban da makamai da kuma sojoji. A lissafi ne cewa takaddama jam'iyyun, farga da sananne ikon NATO, zai canza su da dabara a cikin ni'imar da zaman lafiya da sulhu a.

A block yana da wani iko da iska karfi. NATO jirgin sama - wannan 22 fama da jirgin sama squadrons (game da 500 guda na jirgin sama kayan aiki). Akwai kuma wani naúrar - 80 jirgin sama na soja kai dalilai. NATO kasashe sun ma bodied jiragen ruwa. Ya kunshi - jirgin sama dako, submarines (ciki har da multipurpose nukiliya), frigates, makami mai linzami jiragen da kuma sojan ruwa jirgin sama. NATO warships asusu na fiye da 100 raka'a.

Babbar NATO soja tsarin - wani babban tsaron karfi. Hannu na kawai zai yiwu a yanayin saukan manyan-sikelin ayyukan soji a cikin Atlantic yankin. A zaman lafiya lokacin da suka tsunduma a cikin fama da gudanar da babban kashi. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na babban tsaron gida sojojin na NATO - fiye da 4,000 jirgin sama da kuma jiragen ruwa fiye da 500.

Kamar yadda NATO fadada

Saboda haka, bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, NATO ta ci gaba da zama, haka ma, ya kara da tasiri a cikin duniya. A 1999, da Alliance ya shiga jihar har kwanan nan kasance wani ɓangare na Sphere da tasiri na Tarayyar Soviet - Hungary, Poland da Jamhuriyar Czech. Bayan shekaru biyar - da sauran tsohon gurguzu kasashen: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia da kuma Baltic jihohi. A shekarar 2009, akwai sabon membobin NATO - Albania Croatia. Kan bango na rikicin siyasa da tashin a Ukraine, wasu masana sun ce, NATO ba za ta zama ga bukatun su kara fadada. A musamman, a tattaunawar tsakanin management naúra da kuma wakilan na Ukrainian tambaya a kan shigarwa na kasar cikin kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, manazarta ce, ba kai tsaye sanya.

Duk da haka, a cewar wasu masana, kasashen da dama suke son su shiga cikin kungiyar. Yana yana Sama da kowa da Balkan kasashen - Montenegro, Macedonia da kuma Bosnia da Herzegovina. Da yake jawabi na wanda kasashen gurin to NATO ta kowane hali, ya kamata a lura Georgia. Duk da haka, a cewar wasu manazarta, da rikice-rikice a Abkhazia da kuma Kudancin Ossetia - cikin abubuwan da rage kyawawa na kasar domin block. Daga cikin masana suna da ra'ayin cewa, kara NATO fadada shi ne dogara a kan matsayi na Rasha. Alal misali, a Bucharest taron koli, da aka gudanar a 2008, a naúrar sanya alama na Accession daga wasu kasashe na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet, amma ainihin kwanakin an ba mai suna saboda Vladimir Putin ra'ayin da aka bayyana a cikin taron cewa bayyanar NATO a kusa da kan iyakoki na Rasha - wata kai tsaye barazana. Wannan matsayi na Rasha ya zauna inganci a yau. Duk da haka, wasu kasashen yammacin manazarta ce Rasha ya ji tsõron tushe.

Atisayen sojin da Alliance

Tun NATO - soja kungiyar, shi ne na kowa yi na manyan-sikelin atisayen sojin. Su unsa sosai daban-daban na sojojin. A karshen shekarar 2013 a Gabashin Turai an za'ayi, kamar yadda suka samu da yawa soja manazarta, da manyan NATO motsa jiki kira haƙuri Jazz. Suka ɗauki Poland da kuma Baltic jihohin - Lithuania da Estonia, da Latvia. NATO gudanar da su shiga a cikin darussan fiye da dubu shida soja daga kasashe daban-daban, janyo hankalin mutum ɗari uku fama motocin, fiye da 50 jirgin sama raka'a, 13 warships. Al'ada, maƙiyi naúrar aka ƙarya jihar "Botnia" ya aikata wani aiki na fitina a Estonia.

Ƙirƙira by soja manazarta, kasar samu wani zaman jama'a, siyasa da tattalin arziki da rikicin, sakamakon ɓarna ne dangantakar da waje abokan. A sakamakon haka, rikice-rikice sun sa a yaki da ya fara tare da mamayewa "Botnia" a Estonia. A kan tushen da kwangila, da na gama kāriyar soja da siyasa, kungiyar NATO yanke shawarar nan da nan canja wurin ikon kare kananan Baltic jihar.

Tare da wasu mataki na motsa jiki da aka lura da wakilan dakarun Rasha (a bi da bi, 'yan watanni kafin wannan hadin gwiwa horar da na Rasha da kuma Belarus gani soja NATO). NATO Shugabannin yi magana game da yiwuwar rike da hadin gwiwar sojoji da ayyuka tare da Rasha. Masana sun nuna cewa, da juna gaskiya, na NATO da kuma Rasha a atisayen sojin da kara habaka dõgara.

NATO da kuma Amurka - manyan soja ikon naúrar - shirya atisayen a kudancin kasashen Turai a 2015. Ana sa ran cewa za su iya hannu game da dubu 40 da sojoji.

makamai Alliance

Rasha soja masana sun yi kira da dama soja kayan aiki naúrar, musamman a duniya babu wani ko da kadan. Wannan shi ne NATO ta makamai, ya ce babban fama iyawa daga cikin Army na Alliance. Rasha, manazarta yi imani da soja, kana bukatar ka zama musamman wary na biyar iri makamai. Da fari dai, shi ne Birtaniya tank Challenger 2 samar. An dauke da makamai a 120 mm igwa da kuma sanye take da nauyi makamai. A tank ne iya motsa a mai kyau gudun - game da 25 mil awa. Abu na biyu, shi ne wani submarine cewa an tattara ta haka ake kira "Project 212" da Jamusanci tsaro kamfanonin. An halin low amo matakin, nagari gudun (20 kullin), mãdalla da makamai (torpedoes WASS 184, DM2A4), da kuma wani makami mai linzami tsarin. Na uku, NATO yana da soja fama jirgin sama Eurofighter Typhoon. A cewar ta halaye, su ne kusa da mayakan na da ake kira biyar tsara - Amirka F-22 da kuma Rasha T-50. The inji sanye take da wani 27-millimeter igwa da kuma mahara iri da makamai masu linzami "iska-to-air" da "iska-da-ƙasa." Wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa an daidaita tsayayya Typhoon kawai da sabuwar samfurori da Rasha jirgin sama kamar da Su-35. Wani sananne bayyanar NATO makamai - helikofta Eurocopter Tiger co-samar da Faransa da kuma Jamus. A cewar da halaye shi ne kusa da almara American AH-64 "Apache", amma karami a size da kuma nauyi, wanda zai iya ba da mota da wani amfani a lokacin yaki. Helikofta dauke da makamai a jam'i na da makamai masu linzami ( "iska-to-air" anti). Karu da makami mai linzami, wanda aka samar da tsaro kamfanonin Isra'ila - wani misali na NATO da makamai, wanda da Rasha soja, bisa ga manazarta, yana da daraja biya da hankali ga. Karu - tasiri anti-tanki makamai. Its fasalin kunshi a equipping warhead na matakai biyu: na farko m Layer hudawa da makamai na tanki, na biyu - da ciki.

Sansanin soja Alliance

A cikin ƙasa na kowane daga cikin kasashen da Alliance da a kalla daya barikin soji na kungiyar tsaro ta NATO. Alal misali, ka yi la'akari Hungary a matsayin tsohon Tarayyar kungiyar kasar. Da farko NATO tushe nan ya zo a 1998. Gwamnatin {asar Amirka ta yi amfani da Hungarian Airfield "Tasar" a lokacin aiki tare da {asar Yugoslavia - Saboda haka, wanda ake jefarwa yafi drones da kuma F-18 da jirgin sama. A daidai wannan Air Force Base, a 2003 horar da soja kwararru daga kungiyoyin adawa a kasar Iraki (jim kadan kafin US Army yãƙi a cikin yankin Gabas ta tsakiya kasa). Da yake jawabi na masõya daga cikin Amirkawa daga cikin kasashen turai a kan tayin on da karkararta na sansanin soja, yana da daraja na musamman ambaci Italiya. Nan da nan bayan yakin duniya na II, wannan jiha da aka sanya a manyan contingents na Amurka sojan ruwa sojojin.

Yanzu Pentagon aiki tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Naples, kazalika da filin jirgin sama a Vicenza, Piacenza, Trapani, Istranov da kuma wasu Italian birane. Mafi shahara NATO tushe a Italiya - "Aviano". Yana da aka gina a cikin 50s, amma har yanzu da yawa soja masana dauke da mafi kyau a cikin yankin. A da shi, ba kirgawa ababen more rayuwa ga Take-kashe da kuma saukowa, akwai hangars inda jirgin sama kayan aiki iya dauka tsari idan akwai bom. Akwai kewayawa kayan aiki, da amfani da wanda zai iya za'ayi fama manufa da dare, kuma a kusan kowace weather. Daga cikin sabon NATO sansanonin a Turai - da "Bezmer", "Graf Ignatievo" da "New Village" a Bulgaria. Yadda yin lissafi da gwamnatin wannan Balkan kasar, da tayin na kungiyar tsaro ta NATO da sojojin za su karfafa tsaro a jihar, kazalika da tasiri a kan matakin da horo na sojin kasar.

Rasha da NATO

Rasha da NATO, duk da dogon tarihi na siyasa adawa a karni na 20th, ƙoƙarin yin sanyata hulda a kan kasa da kasa fagen fama. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, a shekara ta 1991, ya sanya hannu a yawan takardu a kan hade da magance wasu daga cikin al'amurran da suka shafi siyasar duniya,. Yana shiga NATO qaddamar da shirin "Partnership for Peace" A shekara 1994, Rasha Federation. A 1997, Rasha da NATO hannu da yi a kan hadin kai da kuma jami'an tsaro, da aka halitta Dindindin hadin gwiwa Council, wanda nan da nan ya zama babban hanya na search na yarjejeniya a lokacin da shawarwari tsakanin Rasha Federation da block. Events a Kosovo, bisa ga manazarta, karfi da gurgunta amincewa da juna Rasha da kuma alliance. Amma, duk da wannan, da haɗin gwiwar ci gaba. A musamman, aikin da majalisar hada da na yau da kullum diplomasiyya tarurruka tsakanin jakadun da kuma wakilan Army. Babban yankunan hadin gwiwa a cikin tsarin na Majalisar - yaki da ta'addanci, iko da makaman kare dangi, da makami mai linzami tsaron gida, kazalika da hadin gwiwa a gaggawa yanayi. Daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da hadin gwiwa - da danniya daga haramtacciyar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a Asiya ta tsakiya. Dangantaka kungiyar da kuma Rasha soured bayan da yaki a Georgia, a watan Agusta 2008, sakamakon wani zance cikin tsarin na "Rasha-NATO" Council an dakatar. Amma a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2009, godiya ga kokarin da ministocin kasashen, da majalisar koma ta aiki a kan yawan key yankunan.

Yiwuwa ga Arewa Atlantic Alliance

Wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa ci gaba wanzuwar NATO da kuma masu yiwuwa ga fadada rinjayar da naúrar ya dogara da jihar na kasashe mambobin kungiyar 'tattalin arziki. Gaskiyar cewa soja da tãrayya a cikin tsarin na kungiyar yakan haifar da wani yawan gwamnatin kasafin kudi, sãshensu waliyyai a cikin tsaro bayar wa. Amma yanzu halin da ake ciki a cikin kasafin kudi siyasa na da yawa raya ƙasashe ne da nisa daga manufa. Gwamnatoci da dama NATO mambobin, kamar yadda manazarta suka yi ĩmãni, bai da] e da na manyan-sikelin zuba jari a cikin sojojin. Bugu da ƙari, misali misali na Amurka - an kiyasta cewa bakin soji na 'yan shekarun nan mun kawo tattalin arzikin Amurka ya diyya da rabi tiriliyan daloli. A fili, babu wani daga cikin masõya ba ya so ya sha wahala sakamakon irin wannan amfani da soja da karfi a duniya fagen fama. A 2010-2013 kasafin kudin tarayya na mafi kasashen Turai a cikin NATO tsaron bai wuce 2% na GDP (fiye da - kawai a Birtaniya, Girka da kuma Estonia). Duk da yake a cikin 90s ne quite halitta zuwa zaton cewa kudi na 3-4%.

Akwai version cewa ƙasashen EU ne karkata da su gudanar zaman kanta da Amurka soja da manufofin. Musamman aiki a wannan yanki ya nuna Jamus. Amma wannan sake ginu ne a kan kudi bangaren: halittar da sojoji a kasashen Turai, daidai da Amurka, iya kudin daruruwan biliyoyin daloli. EU kasashen fuskantar stagnation a cikin tattalin arzikin, irin halin kaka ba su iya yi.