Nau'o'in sunadaran, ayyuka da kuma tsarin

Bisa ga ka'idar Oparin-Haldane rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu da aka haife daga coacervate droplets. Yana kuma ya sunadarin. Wancan ne, shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa wadannan sunadarai - da tushen duk wata rayuwa da ta wanzu a yau. Amma abin da ba a wakiltar gina jiki Tsarin? Abin da rawar da suka taka a cikin jiki da kuma rai na mutane? Abin da nau'o'in sunadaran da zama? Ka yi kokarin fahimtar.

Sunadaran: janar ra'ayi

Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na sinadaran tsarin, kwayoyin da dũkiyõyinsu a tambaya ne a jerin amino acid ciri da peptide bond.

Kowane amino acid na da biyu aikin kungiyoyin:

• carboxyl-COOH.
• wani amino kungiyar -NH _2.

Yana therebetween da aka kafa a dangane da kwayoyin mabanbanta. Kamar wancan ne da peptide bond yana da siffar -CO-NH. sunadari zai iya ƙunsar daruruwan ko dubban irin wadannan kungiyoyi, zai dogara ne a kan musamman abu. Nau'o'in sunadaran da suke sosai bambancin. Daga cikinsu akwai wadanda ke dauke da cikin da muhimmanci amino acid ga jiki, sabili da haka dole ne a ingested da abinci. Akwai wasu jinsunan da cewa suna da muhimmanci ayyuka a cikin jikin tantanin kuma ta cytoplasm. Catalysts kuma nuna nazarin halittu yanayi - enzymes, wanda su ma sunadarai na gina jiki. Suna amfani da ko'ina a rayuwar mutum, ba kawai da hannu a cikin biochemical matakai na masu rai.

A kwayoyin nauyi na mahadi a tambaya iya Range daga 'yan dubun miliyoyin. Saboda yawan monomer raka'a a polypeptide sarkar izuwa manyan da kuma dogara a kan irin na musamman abu. The gina jiki a cikin tsarki tsari, a cikin 'yan qasar conformation, za a iya gani a lokacin da la'akari da kwai a cikin raw siffan. Haske-yellow m m colloidal taro, wanda aka located ciki da gwaiduwa - shi ne so abu. A wannan da aka ce game da wadanda ba mai gida cuku, wannan samfurin shine ma kusan m gina jiki a cikin halitta nau'i.

Duk da haka, ba duk da magana mahadi da wannan sarari tsarin. A total akwai kungiyoyi guda hudu ta kwayoyin. Nau'in na gina jiki Tsarin ƙaddara da da kaddarorin da kuma magana game da tsarin mawuyaci. Mun kuma sani cewa mafi spatially m kwayoyin sha tsaurara aiki a jikin mutane da dabbobi.

Nau'in na gina jiki Tsarin

A total akwai hudu. Ka yi la'akari da abin da ya ƙunshi kowane daga cikinsu.

1. Primary. Yana da wani al'ada mikakke jerin amino acid din da nasaba da peptide bond. Babu sarari twists, babu Helix. Yawan inbound links to da polypeptide iya zama har zuwa dubu da dama. Nau'o'in sunadaran da irin wannan tsarin - glitsilalanin, insulin, histone, Elastin, da sauransu.
2. Secondary. Yana hada biyu polypeptide sarƙoƙi da ake juya helically da ake fuskantar da shi ga juna jũya kafa. Kamar wancan ne tsakanin su zamanto hydrogen shaidu rike su tare. Kamar wancan ne aka kafa guda sunadari. Siffofin irin wannan da wadannan sunadarai: lysozyme, pepsin da sauransu.
3. Manyan conformation. An wani densely cushe compactly tattara a cikin nada sakandare tsarin. A nan, akwai sauran iri hulda, ban da hydrogen shaidu - wannan ne van der Waals hulda da electrostatic janye sojojin, hydrophilic-hydrophobic lamba. Misalan Tsarin - albumin, fibroin siliki da furotin da kuma wasu.
4. Quaternary. A mafi hadaddun tsarin, wanda yake shi ne mafi polypeptide sarƙoƙi juya a cikin wani karkace, birgima a cikin wani ball da kuma a hade tare a wani globule. Misalai kamar insulin, ferritin, haemoglobin, collagen, Alal misali kamar irin wannan a conformation da sunadarai.

Idan muka yi la'akari da duk da cikakkun bayanai daga cikin kwayoyin tsarin daga sinadaran ra'ayi, da bincike daukan lokaci mai tsawo. Bayan duk, a gaskiya, da hakan da sanyi, da mafi wuya da kuma rudani da tsarin, da mafi iri interactions lura a cikin kwayoyin.

Denaturation sunadarai na gina jiki

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci sinadaran Properties na polypeptides ne su ikon rushe a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wani yanayi ko sunadarai jamiái. Alal misali, tartsatsi daban-daban na gina jiki da denaturation. Menene wannan tsari? Shĩ ne da lalata da 'yan qasar gina jiki tsari. Wannan shi ne, idan asali kwayoyin da wani manyan tsarin, bayan da mataki na musamman jamiái da shi za a halaka su. Duk da haka, da jerin amino acid sharan a cikin kwayoyin da ya rage m. Denatured sunadaran da sauri suna rasa su jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties.

Abin da jamiái iya kai ga aiwatar da lalata conformation? Akwai da dama.

1. Zazzabi. Bayan dumama, a hankali a hankali ƙasƙanci daga cikin quaternary, manyan, secondary tsarin da kwayoyin. Gani, yana yiwuwa su kiyaye, misali, wata al'ada frying wani kwai. A sakamakon "gina jiki" - a primary tsarin albumin polypeptide, wanda ya kasance a cikin danyen samfurin.
2. Radiation.
3. A mataki na karfi da sinadaran jamiái: acid, alkalis, salts, nauyi karafa, kaushi (msl, alcohols, ethers, benzene, da sauransu).

Wannan tsari ne da wani lokacin kira Fusion kwayoyin. Iri denaturation sunadaran dogara ne a kan wakili, da mataki na wanda shi ya faru. A lokaci guda, a wasu lokuta akwai wani kuma baya da aiwatar da shawara. Wannan renaturation. Ba dukkan sunadaran ne iya mayar da baya ga tsarinta, amma da yawa daga shi iya yi da shi. Saboda haka, chemists daga Australia da kuma Amurka sun aiwatar da renaturation na Boiled kaza qwai da taimakon wasu daga cikin reagents da kuma Hanyar centrifugation.

Wannan tsari yana da muhimmanci ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a cikin kira na polypeptide sarƙoƙi rRNA kuma ribosomes a Kwayoyin.

Hydrolysis da sunadarin

Hannuwan da denaturation sunadaran halayyar wani sinadaran dukiya - hydrolysis. Wannan ne ma halakar da 'yan qasar conformation, amma ba su da farko tsari, kuma shi ne gaba daya har zuwa mutum amino acid. An muhimmanci na narkewa - da hydrolysis na gina jiki. Nau'in hydrolysis wadannan polypeptides.

1. Chemical. Bisa ga mataki na acid ko alkalis.
2. Halittu ko enzymatic.

Duk da haka, jigon da aiwatar zauna canzawa kuma ba da dogara a kan abin da iri da furotin da hydrolysis suna faruwa. A sakamakon amino acid an kafa, wanda ake hawa da duk Kwayoyin, gabobin da kyallen takarda. Su kara canji ya shafi sa hannu na kira na labari polypeptides, yana da wadanda ake bukata musamman kwayoyin.

A masana'antu, da sunadaran hydrolysis aiwatar da ake amfani da matsayin lokaci domin samun so amino acid.

The aiki na sunadarai a cikin jiki

Daban-daban na sunadarai, carbohydrates, fats suke da muhimmanci aka gyara ga al'ada rayuwa na kowane cell. Kuma wannan yana nufin cewa dukan kwayoyin. Saboda haka, a mutunta mutane da yawa rawar da suka taka da aka bayyana ta da babban mataki na muhimmancin da kuma ubiquity cikin halittu masu rai. Akwai da dama na asali ayyuka na polypeptide kwayoyin.

1. Catalytic. Yana yana da za'ayi enzymes cewa da mai gina jiki yanayin da tsarin. Game su ce daga baya.
2. Tsarin. Nau'o'in sunadaran da su ayyuka a cikin jiki da farko shafi tsarin da cell kanta, ta form. Bugu da kari, da polypeptides a cikin wannan rawa, samar da gashi, kusoshi, bawo na mollusks, tsuntsaye. Su ne wasu bawuloli a cikin cell jiki. Guringuntsi ma kunshi wadannan nau'o'in sunadaran. Misalai: tubulin, keratin, actin, da sauransu.
3. Kullum. Wannan yanayin bayyana kanta a cikin sa hannu na polypeptides a tafiyar matakai kamar kwafi, translation, cell sake zagayowar, splicing, mRNA da sauran karatu. Su duk taka muhimmiyar rawa na kayyadewa.
4. Signal. Wannan aiki da aka yi da sunadaran dake kan jikin tantanin. Sun aika da daban-daban sakonni daga daya naúrar zuwa wani, da kuma wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani post nama tare. Misalai: cytokines, insulin, girma dalilai, da sauransu.
5. Sufuri. Wasu nau'o'in sunadaran da su ayyuka da cewa su yi, su ne kawai m. Wannan ya faru, misali, da furotin da haemoglobin. Yana daukawa oxygen kai daga cell ga tantanin halitta a cikin jini. shi ne ba makawa ga mutum.
6. Sauyawa ko madadin. Irin wannan polypeptides tara a shuke-shuke da dabbobi a matsayin tushen oocytes ƙarin iko da makamashi. Misali - globulins.
7. Motor. A sosai muhimmanci alama, musamman ga protozoa da kwayoyin. Bayan duk, su sami damar matsawa kawai da taimakon flagella ko cilia. Kuma wadannan da wasu gabbansa ne inherently kome kamar sunadaran. Misalai na irin wannan polypeptides ne kamar haka: myosin, actin, kinesin, da sauransu.

Babu shakka cewa aiki na sunadarai a cikin jikin mutum da kuma sauran halittu masu rai da yawa, da kuma muhimmanci. Wannan ya tabbatar da sake cewa ba tare da sadarwa ba za a dauke ta da mu, rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu.

A m aiki sunadaran

Polypeptides iya kare da daban-daban da tasirinsa: sinadaran, ta jiki da kuma nazarin halittu. Alal misali, idan jiki zai iya barazana a matsayin cutar ko bacteria da waje yanayi, da immunoglobulins (antibodies) zo su "da yaki", yin wani m rawa.

Idan muka magana game da jiki sakamakon, akwai wani babban kwaikwayo, misali, fibrin da fibrinogen, wanda suke da hannu a jini clotting.

abinci sunadaran

Nau'in na abin da ake ci gina jiki su ne kamar haka:

• full - wadanda ke dauke da dukkan muhimman amino acid.
• m - waɗanda suke a cikin abin da akwai m amino acid abun da ke ciki.

Duk da haka, ga jikin mutum ne mai muhimmanci da kuma wadanda da sauransu. Musamman na farko da kungiyar. Kowane mutum, musamman a lokacin lokaci na tsanani ci gaba (da yara da kuma samartaka) da kuma mafarki dole ne kula da akai matakin na furotin a kanta. Bayan duk, mun riga ya rufe ayyuka da cewa yin wadannan ban mamaki kwayoyin, kuma mun san cewa kusan babu wani tsari, ba biochemical dauki cikin mu iya yi ba tare da sa hannu na polypeptides.

Shi ya sa ka bukatar kowane rana don cinye kullum da ake bukata na gina jiki, wanda aka dauke a cikin wadannan kayayyakin:

• kwai.
• madara.
• gida cuku.
• nama da kifi.
• wake.
• waken soya.
• wake.
• gujiya.
• alkama.
• hatsi.
• alkamarta da sauran.

Idan ka cinye kullum 0.6 g polypeptide da kg na jiki nauyi, to, mutum ba zai zama mai kasawa na wadannan mahadi. Idan wani dogon lokaci da jiki bai yi na'am da zama dole sunadarai, da cutar ya auku, wani mai suna amino acid yunwa. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa tsanani rayuwa cuta da kuma a sakamakon, da dama sauran magunguna.

Sunadaran a cikin cell

Ciki, da karami tsarin naúrar na dukan abubuwa masu rai - Kwayoyin - ne ma sunadaran. Kuma suka yi kusan duk na sama zuwa aiki. Da farko kafa Kwayoyin cytoskeleton kunshi microtubules, microfilaments. Yana hidima don kula da siffar, kazalika da sufuri tsakanin wasu gabbansa ciki. Domin sunadarai na gina jiki, duka biyu tashoshi ko reluwe, motsa daban-daban ions, mahadi.

A muhimmiyar rawa sunadaran saka a cikin membrane da located a kan bãyan tẽkun. Ga su ne, da kuma tsoka mai amsa sigina da sigina ayyuka suna da za'ayi, suna shan kashi a yi na membrane kanta. Tsaya gadi, kuma haka wasa a m rawa. Abin da irin sunadaran a cikin cell za a iya dangana ga wannan kungiya? Akwai misalai da dama, mu ba 'yan.

1. Actin da myosin.
2. Elastin.
3. Keratin.
4. Collagen.
5. Tubulin.
6. Haemoglobin.
7. Insulin.
8. Transcobalamin.
9. Transferrin.
10. Albumin.

A duk akwai daruruwan daban-daban iri iri na sunadarai, wanda aka kullum motsi cikin kowane cell.

Nau'o'in sunadaran a cikin jiki

Su ne, ba shakka, wata babbar iri-iri. Idan muka yi kokarin ko ta yaya raba duk data kasance sunadaran cikin kungiyoyin, shi iya juya da irin wannan rarrabuwa.

1. Globular sunadaran. Shi ne waɗanda suke wakilta da manyan tsarin, Ina nufin densely cushe globule. Misalan irin Tsarin hada da: immunoglobulins, mafi yawansu enzymes, da yawa ji ba gani.
2. Fibrillar sunadaran. Wakiltar tsananin umurce filaments da ciwon daidai sarari fasali. Wannan kungiyar sunadaran hada da makarantun firamare da sakandare tsarin. Alal misali, keratin, collagen, tropomyosin, fibrinogen.

Kullum, za ka iya dauka a matsayin tushen sa na sifofi ga rarrabuwa sunadarai ba a cikin jiki. Single ba ya wanzu ba tukuna.

enzymes

Halittu catalysts na gina jiki yanayi, wanda gudãnar up duk abin da ke faruwa biochemical tafiyar matakai. Al'ada musayar abubuwa kawai ba zai yiwu ba tare da wadannan mahadi. Duk da matakai na kira da rashin lafiya, da taron jama'ar kwayoyin da su kwafi, kwafi da translation, da kuma sauran suna da za'ayi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da takamaiman tsari na enzyme. Misalai daga wadannan kwayoyin sun hada da:

• oxidoreductase.
• transferase.
• catalase.
• hydrolase.
• isomerase.
• lyase da sauransu.

Yau, enzymes ake amfani a rayuwar yau da kullum. Alal misali, a samar da wanka powders sukan yi amfani da abin da ake kira enzymes - cewa akwai nazarin halittu catalysts. Sun inganta ingancin wanka karkashin kayyade yawan zafin jiki yanayi. Abu ne mai sauki su ɗaure wa datti barbashi da kuma cire su daga surface na kyallen takarda.

Duk da haka, saboda da yanayin da furotin enzymes ba zai iya jure ma ruwan zafi ko kusanci zuwa alkaline ko acidic kwayoyi. Lalle ne, a cikin wannan yanayin, da denaturation tsari zai faru.