Nearnderthal - wannan ... A zamanin d mutane - kwatanta

Mutumin da aka yaushe sha'awar su asalin. Wanda ya ke, inda kuma yadda ya yi - na dogon lokaci shi ne daya daga cikin manyan al'amurran da suka shafi. A zamanin d Girka, a lokacin haihuwa na farko kimiyya matsalar da asalin mutum da ya kasance na asali a cikin kunno kai falsafa. Kuma a yanzu, wannan batun bai rasa ta munasaba. Duk da yake a baya karni, masana kimiyya sun kasance iya motsa nisa gaba a cikin matsalar da bayyanar mutum, tambayoyi ci gaba da zuwa.

Babu wani daga cikin masu bincike ba zai iya zama cikakken tabbata cewa yarda da jarrabawa game da asalin rayuwa, ciki har da bayyanar mutum ne gaskiya. Ba wai kawai cewa, ƙarni da suka wuce, da kuma a yau da binciken burbushin ne real masana kimiyya War, suke kare ideas kuma tunkuɗe ka'idar adawar.

Daya daga cikin mafi kyau-karatu tsoho mutane ne Nearnderthal. Wannan shi ne wakilin 'yan adam dadaddun dogon lokaci da suka wuce, wanda ya rayu 130 - 20 shekara dubu da suka wuce.

Asalin sunan

A yammacin Jamus, kusa Dusseldorf, shi ne Neandertal kwarin. Its sunan shi ya samu a madadin wani Jamus fasto da kuma mawaki Neander. A tsakiyar karni XIX, akwai da aka samu da kwanyar da wani tsoho mutum. Bayan shekaru biyu, Anthropology Shaafgauzen, tsunduma a cikin binciken, buga da Kalmar "Nearnderthal" a cikin kimiyya da juyin juya halin. Godiya ga shi, ƙasusuwan samu aka ba sayar, kuma sũ, a yanzu a cikin wani Rhenish ƙasar gidan kayan gargajiya.

Kalmar "Nearnderthal" (photo sakamakon maimaitawa da siffar, yana yiwuwa a ga kasa) ba shi da sarari iyakoki saboda vastness daga cikin kungiyoyin da inhomogeneities hominids. A halin da tsohon mutum, ya yi yawa, shi ne bai tabbata ba. Wasu daga cikin masana kimiyya daukawa shi zuwa wani subspecies na Homo sapiens, wasu tsaya fitar a matsayin mai raba jinsunan ko HALITTAR. Yanzu tsohon mutum ne mafi karatu Nearnderthal ra'ayoyi na m hominids. Haka kuma, har yanzu ci gaba da samun ƙasũsuwa na ga wannan nau'in.

Yadda za a same shi

A saura daga cikin wakilan da m mutum ba zai iya samun farko na hominids. Ancient mutane (kwatanta) da aka gano a 1829 a Belgium. Sa'an nan, wannan bincike ba hašawa da wani muhimmanci, kuma da muhimmancin an nuna yawa daga baya. Sa'an nan su saura samu a Ingila. Kuma kawai da uku samu a 1856 kusa da Frankfurt ba da sunan Nearnderthal da kuma tabbatar da muhimmancin duk gabata samu burbushin.

Quarry ma'aikata gano wani wakiltar cika da silt. Bayan share suka samu a kusa da ƙofar mutum kwanyar da kuma 'yan kasusuwa m. A zamanin d saura aka sayi ta Jamus masanin binciken burbushin halittu Johann Fulrotom, wanda daga baya aka bayyana a gare su.

Nearnderthal - tsarin fasali da kuma rarrabuwa

The same m ƙasusuwan mutane da aka sosai karatu, da kuma a kan tushen da bincike da masana kimiyya sun iya sake gina kimanin siffar. Nearnderthal - shi ne babu shakka daya daga cikin na farko mutane tun bayan da kama zuwa Homo sapiens fili. Duk da haka, akwai wata babbar adadin bambanci.

A talakawan girma na zamanin da mutumin ya 165 santimita. Yana da stocky ginawa da kuma babban shugaban, da kuma girma na zagayayyen kwanya tsoho mutane kwatanta kasance mafiya zamani mutum. Hands ne takaice, kamar paws. M kafadu da ganga kirji magana game da ƙarfi.

Strong girare, sosai kananan Chin, a hanci, a takaice wuyansa - daya more Nearnderthal fasali. Mafi m, wadannan halaye suna dimbin yawa da yanayi mai wahala da na Ice Age, a cikin abin da tsoho mutane rayu 100 - 50 shekara dubu da suka wuce.

Tsarin kwatanta bada dalilin da ya ɗauka cewa suna da manyan tsoka taro, nauyi kwarangwal ciyar yawanci nama, kuma sun kasance mafĩfĩta cro-Magnons, saba subarctic sauyin yanayi.

Suna da m da magana ne iya kunshi wani babban yawan consonants.

Tun zaune wadannan tsoho mutane a cikin sararin yankin, akwai da dama iri. Daya yana da siffofin kusa da na dabbobi masu shayarwa-kamar bayyanar, yayin da wasu kamar na zamani mutum.

Mazauninsu na Homo Neanderthal

Daga cikin saura samu a yau mun san cewa yayi kama dana Neanderthal (wani tsoho mutane da suka rayu na shekaru dubbai da suka wuce) ya rayu a Turai, Asiya ta tsakiya da kuma Gabas. A Afirka, wadannan hominids aka iske ba. Daga baya wannan al'amari ya kasance daya daga cikin shaidun da cewa Homo Neanderthal ba wani m na zamani mutum, kuma ga waliyyinsa.

Ta yaya ka sarrafa da sake gina bayyanar farkon mutum

An fara tare da Shaafgauzena, "godfather" na kama dana Neanderthal da aka sanya da yawa yunkurin sake kallon wannan tsoho hominid da wani ɓaɓɓake daga kansa ya ragargaje kuma kwarangwal. Babban rabo mai girma cimma a cikin Soviet Anthropology, kuma sculptor Mikhail Gerasimov. Ya halitta nasa Hanyar maido da mutum bayyanar da taimakon kwarangwal saura. Su aka sanya a kan ɗari biyu sculptures na tarihi Figures. Gerasimov ma kerata fuskar marigayi Nearnderthal da cro-magnon. Ya halicci Laboratory na anthropological maimaitawa ci gaba da samu nasarar tafiyar da sabuntawa na waje na zamanin d mutane a yanzu.

Kwatanta da cro-Magnons - akwai a kowa tsakanin su?

Wadannan biyu wakilan da irin mutane ne suke zaune a wani lõkaci a daya zamanin da ya wanzu gefe da gefe domin ashirin shekara dubu. Masana kimiyya koma zuwa cro-magnon farkon wakilan zamani mutum. Sun bayyana a Turai 40 - 50 shekara dubu da suka wuce, kuma suka kasance sosai daban-daban daga kwatanta jiki da kuma wajen tunani. Sun kasance tsayi (180 cm), da kai tsaye ba tare da goshi protruding Brow, hanci da kuma kunkuntar mafi fayyace Chin. A bayyanar, wadannan mutane su ne sosai a kusa da zamani mutum.

The al'adu nasarorin da cro-magnon fi nasarorin da suke a gabãninsu. Bayan gada daga kakanninsu ɓullo da wani babbar kwakwalwa da kuma m fasaha, sunã a cikin wani gajeren lokaci sanya wata katuwar tsalle gaba a ci gaba. Sun gudanar da binciken ne daukan hankali. Alal misali, a cikin kogwanni da tantuna da aka yi da fãtun rayu kwatanta da cro-Magnons a kananan kungiyoyin. Amma shi shi ne na karshe da kuma na farko ƙauyuka da aka kafa tabbatacce kafa tribal al'umma. Su hõre da kare, ya yi jana'izar ayyukan hajji, fentin farauta scenes a kan garun kogwanni, sun iya yin kayan aikin ba kawai a cikin dutse, amma kuma saboda zankayen da kuma kasusuwa. Cro-Magnons da m magana.

Saboda haka, da bambance-bambance tsakanin wadannan nau'o'i guda biyu na zamanin da mutum sun muhimmanci.

Homo Neanderthal da kuma na zamani mutum

Na dogon lokaci, da spores sun kasance a cikin kimiyya al'umma game da daya daga cikin wakilan da tsoho mutane ya kamata a daukarsa a magabacin mutum. Yanzu ka san daidai abin da Nearnderthal (photos dauka a kan tushen da maimaitawa na kashi sharan gona, shi a fili tabbatar) jiki da kuma na waje bayyanar shi ne sosai daban-daban daga Homo sapiens, kuma shi ne asalin zamani mutum.

Tun da farko a kan wannan lissafi akwai wani ra'ayi. Amma kwanan nan nazarin ba dalilin yi imani da cewa magabatan Homo sapiens ya rayu a Afirka, wanda sa a waje da suke zaune Homo Neanderthal. A cikin dogon tarihin da binciken na kashi da ya rage daga cikinsu sun taba aka samu a nahiyar Afrika. Amma a karshe da batun aka warware a 1997 a lokacin da jami'ar Munich da aka deciphered Nearnderthal DNA. Da bambance-bambance a cikin kwayoyin halittu da cewa an samu da masana kimiyya ya zama ma manyan.

A binciken da na genome na Homo Neanderthal da aka ci gaba a 2006. An tabbatar ta hanyar kimiya da bambanci a cikin kwayoyin halittu na da irin wannan zamanin da mutum daga zamani ya fara game da dubu 500, da suka wuce. Ga bidiyon dikodi DNA da aka yi amfani da ƙasũsuwa samu a Croatia, Rasha, Jamus da kuma Spain.

Saboda haka, yana da hadari a ce yayi kama dana Neanderthal - shi ne saba mana dadaddun nau'in cewa ba kai tsaye m na Homo sapiens. Wannan shi ne wani reshe na sararin iyali na hominids, wanda ya hada da, ban da mutum da kuma dadaddun kakanninsa, ko da m mannyan birai.

A 2010, a cikin shakka daga cikin nazarin da Nearnderthal genes da aka samu a da yawa zamani al'ummai. Wannan ya nuna cewa tsakanin Homo Neanderthal da cro-magnon Mix akwai.

Rayuwa da rai na zamanin d mutane

Nearnderthal (wani tsoho mutane da suka rayu a yankin na Middle Paleolithic) farko amfani da mafi m kayan aikin, samun shi daga magabata. A hankali ya fara bayyana sabon, mafi m siffofin bindigogi. Har yanzu suna sanya daga dutse, amma sun zama more bambancin da hadaddun a aiki da fasaha. Yana samu game da sittin iri kayayyakin da cewa su ne a gaskiya bambancin da uku na asali iri: gatari, scrapers da ostrokonechnikov.

A lokacin tono Nearnderthal shafukan masu saro aka kuma samu, awls, scrapers da serrated makami.

Scrapers taimaka a sabon da kuma miya da dabbobi da fãtunsu, maki sun ko da fadi a Zangon. Suna amfani da wukake, wukake da yankan up bisansu kamar yadda spearheads da arrowheads. Amfani da tsoho kwatanta da ƙasũsuwa shin yin kayayyakin aiki. Sun kasance mafi yawa awls da tip, amma samu kuma ya fi girma abubuwa - wukake, da kuma kulake daga ƙaho.

Kamar yadda na makamai, shi ne har yanzu sosai m. Its main view, a fili, ya mashi. Wannan ƙarshe dogara ne a kan nazarin dabbobi ƙasũsuwa samu a shafin na Nearnderthal shafukan.

Wadannan tsoho mutane ne ba da sa'a tare da sauyin yanayi. Idan da suke a gabãninsu suka zauna a cikin dumi lokaci, sa'an nan da lokaci na Homo Neanderthal fara karfi sanyi sihiri fara samar da glaciers. A wuri mai faɗi da ya yi kama da a kusa da tundra. Saboda haka Nearnderthal rai ya wuya ƙwarai da gaske, kuma cike da hatsari.

Gidaje da suke har yanzu bauta kogon, amma sannu a hankali ya fara bayyana a cikin bude yi - alfarwan konkoma karãtunsa fãtun dabbobi da kuma tsarin da ƙashi na daga mammoths.

darussa

Mafi yawan lokaci tsoho mutumin da aka tsunduma a search na abinci. Bisa daban-daban karatu, sun kasance scavengers da dayansu, amma wannan aiki na bukatar daidaito a cikin ayyuka. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, babban kasuwanci jinsunan ga kwatanta kasance manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Tun a zamanin d ya rayu a cikin sararin ƙasa, wadanda suka daban-daban: mammoths, daji bijimai, da dawakai, woolly rhinoceroses, barewa. An muhimmanci game dabbobi akwai kogo bear.

Duk da cewa da farauta na manyan dabbobi ya zama da babban sana'a, kwatanta ci gaba don magance taro. Bisa ga binciken, ba su kasance gaba daya carnivorous, kuma su rage cin abinci kunshi Tushen, kwayoyi da kuma berries.

al'ada

Yayi kama dana Neanderthal - wannan ba wani m kasancewarsa, kamar yadda aka yi zato a cikin XIX karni. Ancient mutane da suka rayu a lokacin Tsakiya Paleolithic, kafa wani al'adu Trend, wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin Mousterian al'adu. A wannan lokaci, shi zai fara haihuwar wani sabon tsari na al'umma - tribal al'umma. Kwatanta kula da iyalinsa. Dayansu, kada ku ci ganima a ƙasa, kuma ɗauke ta baya a cikin kogo da sauran kabilu.

Homo Neanderthal da aka ba tukuna iya zana ko haifar da dabba Figures sanya daga dutse ko lãka. Amma a wurin parking sami duwatsu tare da bayani dalla-dalla GROOVES. A zamanin d mutane za a iya amfani da layi daya scratches a kan kashi kayan aikin da ado daga yin fadi na sukar dabba hakora da kuma bawo.

A high al'adu ci gaba da kwatanta yi magana, kuma su jana'izar ayyukan hajji. fiye da ashirin kaburburan da aka samu. Jikin sanya shi a cikin m rami a cikin hali na wani barci mutumin da lankwasa hannunwansa da ƙafafunsa.

Mallaki by tsoho mutane da kuma bullar ilimin likitanci. Sun san yadda za a warkar da samu karaya kuma dislocations. Wasu binciken bayar da shawarar cewa farkon mutane ya kula da rauni.

Homo Neanderthal - wani asiri na zamanin d adam nau'i nau'i

Lokacin kuma me ya sa da na karshe Nearnderthal bace? Wannan asiri ne a kan zukatan masana kimiyya shekaru da yawa. Wannan tambaya ya ba daidai tabbatar da amsar. Modern mutum ba ya san dalilin da ya sa dinosaur bace, kuma ba zai iya ce cewa ya haddasa nau'i nau'i na ya fi m zumunta.

Na dogon lokaci shi aka yi imani da cewa kwatanta da aka matse ta fi saba da kuma raya hammayarsu - cro-magnon. Kuma da shaida ga wannan ka'ida ne da gaske mai yawa. An sani cewa zamani mutumin bayyana a Turai a fannin Homo Neanderthal a kusa da 50,000 da suka wuce, da kuma 30 shekara dubu karshe Nearnderthal bace. An yi imani da cewa wadannan ƙarni ashirin na zaune gefe da gefe a cikin wani karamin yanki ya zama lokaci ne na m gasar tsakanin biyu jinsin ga albarkatun. Cro-magnon ya lashe godiya ga lamba preponderance kuma mafi adaptability.

Ba duka masana kimiyya yarda da wannan ka'ida. Wasu sa a gaba su ba kasa ban sha'awa cikin jarrabawa. Mutane da yawa rike da ra'ayin cewa kwatanta hasãra canjin yanayi. Gaskiyar cewa 30 shekara dubu da suka wuce a Turai ta fara wani dogon lokaci na sanyi da kuma bushe weather. Zai yiwu wannan ya kai ga bacewar na tsohon mutum ne mai iya ba daidaita da canza yanayin rayuwa.

Ã'a sabon abu ka'idar sa a gaba Saymon Anderdaun, gwani a Jami'ar Oxford. Ya yi imanin cewa, kwatanta fama da cutar, wanda shi ne halayyar cannibals. Kamar yadda aka sani, mutum cin da aka ba nadiri a lokacin.

Wani version of bacewar wannan tsohon mutum - assimilation da cro-Magnons.

Karewa Homo Neanderthal faruwa irregularly kan lokaci. A cikin Yaren Kasar Larabawa da wakilan wannan nau'in na m hominids rayu bayan wani Millennium bayan da bacewar sauran Turai.

Kwatanta da zamani a al'ada

Ana zargin tsoho mutum, ban mamaki gwagwarmayar rayuwa da kuma asirin da bacewar sun kasance cikin batutuwa na adabi ayyukan ƙwarai, kuma fina-finai. Joseph Anri Roni Sr. rubuta labari "Fight ga wuta", wanda aka yaba da sukar da aka yin fim a 1981. A fim na wannan sunan lashe a babbar kyauta - da "Oscar". A shekarar 1985, da zanen "The Clan ta kõgon Bear" an halitta, wanda ya gaya yadda wata yarinya na iyali bayan mutuwar su cro-magnon kabilar suka ilimi kwatanta.

New alama fim sadaukar da tsoho mutane, an halitta a 2010. Yana da "The Last yayi kama dana Neanderthal" - labarin eo sauran tafin tsira daga wani irin. A wannan hoton, dalilin mutuwar Homo Neanderthal ya zama ba kawai da cro-Magnons, suka kai hari da filin ajiye motoci da kuma kashe, amma an ba a sani ba cuta. Akwai kuma la'akari da yiwuwar assimilation of kwatanta da Homo sapiens. Yin fim a shirin style kuma ostensibly a kan mai kyau a kimiyance.

Bugu da kari, da kwatanta batun da yawa fina-finan, gaya game da rayuwa, da aikin yi, al'adu, da kuma la'akari da nau'i ka'idar.