Organophosphates: aikace-aikace, matakai da kuma siffofi da manufa. Organophosphate guba, taimakon farko

Organophosphates ne sunadarai Categories, wanda aka tsara don kashe weeds, kwari da hakori.

Wadannan kwari suna yadu amfani ba kawai a cikin aikin noma amma kuma a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum. Mutane da yawa irin FOS ne sosai guba da kuma zai iya haifar da tsanani da guba da ingestion na biyu a cikin jiki da kuma a lamba tare da hanci mucosa da ido, har ma tare da m fata.

Statistics FOS guba

M maye da organophosphorus mahadi a gaskiya daukan farko wuri a tsakanin sauran exogenous dalma ba kawai nauyi amma kuma ta mita. Lethality irin guba ne kusan 20%, yayin da mita - game da 15% na duk lokuta na maye. Ban sha'awa shi ne gaskiya cewa peculiar maganin guba domin organophosphate guba ne barasa. A marasa lafiya da suke a Jihar matsananci maye a lokacin da guba tare da kwari, cutar ne sauƙin (convulsions da paresis na numfashi tsokoki ba samuwa). Duk da haka, hemodynamic cuta na iya zama mafi pronounced.

Zai yiwu Sanadin guba da kwari

Organophosphate guba iya zama saboda sana'a kuma yana faruwa saboda rashin iya handling na mai guba abubuwa. Sakaci daya ko fiye mutum na iya haifar da ba kawai wani tsanani da guba domin kansu, amma kuma ta kai ga taro maye.

Bugu da kari ga wannan, da guba da organophosphorus mahadi za a iya sawa yau da kullum yanayi. A Sanadin hatsarori iya zama daban-daban, misali:

• babu alamun a kwantena tare da m ruwa, adana a gida (da mutum zai iya yi da guba a ciki da kuskure ko da gangan domin manufar maye).
• ajiya na kwari a cikin isar yara (yara da yanayi ne sosai m, kuma ko da idan wani akwati na mai guba da sinadarai za a sanya hannu, wani karamin yaro zai iya har yanzu sha wani m ruwa da kuma samun m dalma).
• Gaza bada hašin kai aminci dokokin (sakaci yana nufin na kariya a lokacin da amfani da, a gidan mai guba abubuwa, kamar ƙura mask, safar hannu, fitattun idanu, m tufafi).

Lokacin da organophosphorus fili a manyan allurai fada a cikin jikin mutum, za su iya haifar da raunuka na sassa daban-daban na tsakiya m tsarin da take kaiwa zuwa neuritis, inna da sauran tsanani sakamakon, ciki har da mutuwa.

Nau'in organophosphorus mahadi a kan yawan guba

• mafi guba - tushen kwari thiophos, Metaphos, merkaptofosa, octamethyl.
• mai guba - kwayoyi bisa demeton-s-methyl, phosphamide, dichlorophosphate.
• srednetoksichnye - trichlorfon, malathion, metilnitrofos da kwari akan su, kazalika da sayfos, cyanophos, tribufos.
• low-yawan guba - demufos, bromophos, temephos.

Bayyanar cututtuka na guba FOS

Bisa ga digiri na guba nauyi ya kasu kashi 3, saukarwa. Clinic organophosphate guba ne kamar haka:

M maye (I Stage):

• psychomotor agitation da kuma ji na tsoro.
• shortness na numfashi;
• dilated almajirin (miosis).
• spastic zafi a ciki.
• ya karu salivation da amai.
• mai tsanani ciwon kai.
• hawan jini.
• profuse sweating.
• wheezing.

A matsakaici form (II mataki):

• agitation za a iya kiyaye ko hankali maye gurbin hanawa, da kuma wani lokacin - kuma coma.
• alama miosis, da almajiri zuwa ga haske basu amsa.
• maximally bayyana bayyanar cututtuka na hyperhidrosis (maximized salivation (yau), sweating, bronhoreya (phlegm daga bronchi)).
• fibrillar twitching eyelids, tsokoki daga cikin kirji, kafafu, da kuma wani lokacin duk na tsokoki.
• lokaci-lokaci bayyanar wuce-wuri total jiki tsokoki, tonic convulsions.
• da cika fuska qara sautin na kirji.
• jini ya kai a kalla yi (250/160).
• involuntary defecation kuma urination, tare da m tenesmus (gũri).

Mai tsananin guba (III mataki):

• da haƙuri da dama a cikin wata mai zurfi coma.
• All reflexes aka raunana ko gaba daya ba a nan;
• m hypoxia.
• furta miosis.
• adana hyperhidrosis cututtuka.
• canji na murdede hypertonus, miofibrillyatsii da tonic convulsions shanyayyen tsoka shakatawa.
• karfi da tawayar numfasawa zurfin da kuma mita na breaths suna sababbu, yana yiwuwa numfashi inna.
• zuciya rate aka saukar zuwa ga m Manuniya (40-20 min.).
• tachycardia inganta (fiye da 120 lashe ta min.).
• jini ya ci gaba da fada.
• tasowa mai guba encephalopathy da edema da hemorrhages yawa diapedetic zai fi dacewa gauraye type, saboda inna na numfashi tsokoki da kuma hanawa na numfashi cibiyar.
• fata abruptly Fade bayyana cyanosis (fata da kuma mucous membranes zama bluish launi).

A sakamakon guba phosphorus kwari

Lokacin da jiki fada organophosphorus mahadi, taimakon farko fassara da sauri kuma yadda ya kamata, shi ne daya daga cikin muhimman hakkokin abubuwan da sanin m Hakika na cutar. FOS maye ganewar asali ne mun gwada da sauki sa a kan halayyar asibiti hoto, duk da haka, shi ne, ko da sakamakon m, ko wanda aka azabtar ya mutu, dogara sun fi mayar a kan follow-up likita.

Saboda babban yawan guba na organophosphorus mahadi lokacin da ingested yi irreparable cutar kusan duk muhimmanci gabobin da kuma tsarin. A wannan connection, ko da wani m sakamako ga cikakken mayar da aikin na wasu gabobin suna kasawa.

Daga cikin rikitarwa, wanda mafi yawa ana tare da mai tsanani, abin mãye da organophosphorus mahadi hada da ciwon huhu, cardiac arrhythmias kuma cardiac madugu, abu-jawo psychosis a cikin m siffar, da dai sauransu

cutar

A lokacin farko 'yan kwanaki bayan da guba, da mãsu haƙuri a cikin tsanani da yanayin lalacewa ta hanyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini auka. Sa'an nan ya zo a hankali a hankali diyya da kuma inganta kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, bayan 2-3 makonni, yana yiwuwa da ci gaban mai tsanani mai guba polyneuropathy. A wasu lokuta, da tsari za a hannu a yawan girman kwanyar jijiyoyi.

A lokacin da wadannan daga baya polyneuropathy isasshe shafe tsawon, wani lokacin tare da m motsi cuta. Dawo da ayyuka na gefe m tsarin ne bad. Yana iya faruwa da dawowar m cuta, kamar cholinergic rikicin. Dalilin shi ne, ajiyar organophosphorus fili "fitad" daga daban-daban kyallen takarda a cikin jijiyoyi.

magani

Lokacin da al'amarin na tsanani da guba da organophosphorus mahadi, taimakon farko ya kamata hada da m tsaftacewa na narkewa kamar fili da na ciki da lavage yin amfani da wani bincike tilasta diuresis, da dai sauransu, tabbatarwa daga numfasawa da yin amfani da takamaiman antidotes. Bugu da ari, wani hadadden na farfado da, ciki har da pharmacotherapy, da nufin rike da tanadi lalace jikin ayyuka, ciki har da matakan maido da cardiac aiki, magani na cuta da homeostasis da exotoxic buga.

Restoration of numfashi aiki

Organophosphorus mahadi makale a cikin jiki a cikin manyan yawa, yawanci sa numfashi wuya, sa ta wuce kima oropharyngeal mugunya, kuma bronchoconstriction inna na numfashi tsokoki. A dangane da wannan, abu na farko da cewa likitoci na kokarin yi - shi ne su mayar da airway da kuma tabbatar da isasshen samun iska. A gaban m vomitus da oropharyngeal sallama, shafi tsammãni (ci na taya ta injin). A m guba FOS farfado da hada endotracheal intubation, inji iska.

maganin guba far

Aikace-aikace safeners (antidotes) ne wani muhimmanci na gaggawa pharmacotherapy a m guba. Kwayoyi a cikin wannan kungiya ta shafi motsi located a jikin mai guba abubuwa, samar da sha ko kawar da nakiyar, m sakamako a kan toxin rabe hana m metabolize da kuma kawar da m cuta da muhimmanci jikin ayyuka, ya sa ta maye.

Maganin guba domin guba da organophosphorus mahadi dauka tare da wasu na musamman kwayoyi. Pharmacotherapy da aka gudanar a layi daya da janar farfado da detoxifying warkewa matakan.

Yana dole ne a tuna da cewa akwai wani yiwuwar nan da nan farfado, aka azabtar ya rayuwa za a iya ceto kawai maganin guba organophosphorus mahadi, da kuma jima da shi ne gabatar, da mafi alhẽri damar da aka azabtar zai zama wani m sakamako da cutar.

rarrabuwa na antidotes

Antidotes suna kasu hudu kungiyoyin:

• symptomatic (pharmacological).
• biochemical (toxicokinetic).
• sinadaran (toksikotropnye).
• antitoxic Immunopreparat.

Lokacin na farko da bayyanar cututtuka na organophosphate guba, duk da haka a mataki dogospitalizatsii aka azabtar, da kuma amfani da maganin guba symptomatic toksikotropnoy kungiyoyin, tun suna da nuna qarara ga yin amfani. Shirye-shirye toxicokinetic mataki na bukatar tsananin riko da umarnin, saboda motar asibiti likitoci ba zai iya ko da yaushe daidai ƙayyade da alamomi ga su amfani. Antitoxic Immunopreparat amfani da wani likita ma'aikata.

Specific far a m dalma ta organophosphorus mahadi

Complex events qunshi yin amfani da anticholinergics (atropine irin magunguna) a hade tare da wani cholinesterase reactivator. A farko hour bayan arin gudanar da m atropine. Atropine a manyan allurai da aka gudanar intravenously da taimako na bayyanar cututtuka na hyperhidrosis samuwa. Kamata kuma ya kasance ãyõyin rauni miyagun ƙwayoyi yawan abin sama, inda ya bayyana bushe fata da kuma matsakaici tachycardia.

Don kula da wannan jiha na atropine aka gudanar akai-akai, amma a karamar allurai. Taimaka atropinization Halicci m kawancen na m-cholinoreactive tsarin lalace jiki ta anti-miyagun ƙwayoyi mataki na acetylcholine a kan lokaci da ake bukata domin lalata da kuma kawar da gubobi.

Modern Reaktivatory cholinesterase iya yadda ya kamata ƙara zalunta cholinesterase kuma neutralize daban-daban phosphorus mahadi. A dauke da fitar takamaiman far ake kula kullum cholinesterase aiki.