Quaternary lokaci na Cenozoic Era: description, tarihi da kuma mazaunan

Last ma'aunan kasa da kuma yanzu zuwa Quaternary aka ware a 1829 da masanin kimiyyar Jules Desnoyers. A Rasha, an kuma kira anthropogenic. Marubucin na da wannan sunan, a 1922, ya zama wani fanning binciken kasa Alexey Pavlov. Ya himma da ya so ya jaddada cewa, wannan lokaci da ake dangantawa da bayyanar da wani mutum.

The musamman da suka bambanta da lokacin

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ma'aunan kasa lokaci na Quaternary lokaci bambanta musamman short duration (total 1,65 miliyan. Years). Ci gaba a yau, shi ya kasance ba a kare ba. Wani alama - gaban a Quaternary sediments na mutum al'ada sharan. Wannan lokaci ne halin da mahara da kuma mai tsanani yanayin canje-canje, da cika fuska rinjayi wannan yanayi.

Dawowa sanyaya sa glaciation arewacin latitudes da wetting ƙananan latitudes. Warming sa daidai gaban sakamako. Sedimentary tsarin na baya millennia daban-daban hadaddun tsarin da yanke zumunta brevity na tsari da kuma bambance-bambance da yadudduka. Quaternary ne zuwa kashi biyu lokaci (ko sashen): Pleistocene da Holocene. A iyakar tsakanin su ya ta'allaka ne a kusa da 12 shekara dubu da suka wuce.

Hijira daga Flora da fauna

Daga farkon sosai na Quaternary lokacin da aka halin da kusa da na zamani shuka da dabbobi rayuwa. Canje-canje a cikin asusun shi ne gaba ɗaya dogara a kan mayẽwa, na sanyaya kuma Warming. Tare da farko na glaciation cold- jinsunan hijira kudu da kuma gauraye da bare. A lokaci na ƙãra talakawan zafin jiki ne kuma baya da tsari. A wannan lokaci, ƙwarai shimfida yanki na sulhu ne moderately dumi, subtropical da kuma wurare masu zafi da Flora da fauna. Ga wasu lokaci, shi bace duka tundra ƙungiya daga kwayoyin duniya.

Flora da sau da dama ya daidaita da halin da canza yanayi. Mutane da yawa bala'i a wannan lokaci da aka alama ta Quaternary lokaci. Climate swings sun kai ga impoverishment na m-Leaved da Evergreen siffofin, kazalika da fa] a] herbaceous jinsunan mazauninsu.

A ci gaba da dabbobi masu shayarwa

Mafi mashahuri canje-canje a cikin dabba duniya shafi dabbobi masu shayarwa (musamman mataki na ungulates da Proboscidea a Arewa Hemisphere). A Pleistocene saboda kwatsam yanayin tunkaro mutu fitar da yawa thermophilic jinsunan. A daidai wannan lokaci domin wannan dalili akwai sabon dabbobi da cewa an fi saba da rayuwa a cikin matsananci muhalli da yanayi. A ganiya nau'i nau'i fauna kai tsakanin Dnieper glaciation (300 - 250 shekara dubu da suka wuce). Duk da haka, sanyaya na dandali cover samuwar m a cikin Quaternary.

A ƙarshen Pliocene Kudu Gabashin Turai da aka gida mastodons, kudancin giwa hipparions, saber-toothed damisa da dorina da Etruscan t. D. A yamma da Old World zuwa rayuwa Jiminai da hippos. Duk da haka, a cikin farkon Pleistocene fauna fara canza halin. Tare da farko na da Dnieper glaciation, da yawa thermophilic jinsunan koma kudu. A cikin shugabanci canja rarraba yanki Flora. Era Cainozoic (Quaternary musamman) dandana karfin duk siffofin na rayuwa.

quaternary bestiary

A kan iyakar kudancin na gleiser akwai irin wannan nau'i na farko, kamar Santa, woolly karkanda, reindeer, Musk-sa, lemming, fari takaddamarsu. All daga gare su rayu kawai a wuri mai sanyi. Kogon zakoki, beyar, hyenas da dorina da sauran giant-m farko ya rayu a wadannan yankuna sun zama dadaddun.

The sanyi sauyin yanayi kafa a cikin Caucasus, da Alps, da Carpathians da Pyrenees, tilasta yawa jinsunan barin high duwãtsu kuma shirya a kwaruruka. Woolly dorina da mammoths shagaltar ko da kudancin Turai (ba a ma maganar da dukan Siberia, inda suka fadi a North America). Relict fauna na Australia, South America, ta Kudu da kuma Jamhuriyar Afirka ta tsira godiya ta zuwa ga kadaici daga sauran duniya. Mammoths da kuma sauran dabbobi suna da kyau saba da matsananci yanayi, ya zama dadaddun a farkon Holocene. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa duk da yawa glaciation game da 2/3 na Duniya ta surface da aka taba fama da kankara sheet.

da cigaban dan adam

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, daban-daban ma'anar Quaternary ba zai iya yi ba tare da "mutum." A m ci gaba da mutum - mafi muhimmanci taron na duk wannan tarihi lokaci. Place na aukuwa mafi tsoho mutane ne yanzu dauke Gabashin Afrika.

Kakanninmu nau'i na zamani mutum - Australopithecines, wanda ya kasance daga cikin iyali na hominids. A cewar daban-daban kimomi, na farko lokacin da suka yi ya bayyana a Afirka, miliyan 5 da suka wuce. Australopithecus hankali ya fara tafiya a mike kuma omnivorous. Game da miliyan 2 da suka wuce, su koya yi m kayan aikin. Saboda haka akwai wani m mutum. A shekaru miliyan da suka wuce kafa Pithecanthropus, ragowar wanda ake samu a Jamus, Hungary da kuma China.

Kwatanta da na zamani mutane

350 shekara dubu da suka wuce akwai Paleoanthropes (ko Neandertals), bitattu 35,000 da suka wuce. Traces of su aiki da ake samu a kudancin da kuma tsakiyar latitudes na Turai. Paleanthropic maye gurbinsu da na zamani mutane (neanthropines ko Homo sapines). Su na farko shigar da Amirka da kuma Australia, kazalika da yawa tsibiran karkashin mulkin mallakar da dama tekuna.

Riga farkon neanthropines kusan babu daban-daban daga mutane a yau. Su ne da kuma sauri daidaita da canjin yanayi da kuma koya wa da basira rike da dutsen. Wadannan hominids samu kashi kayayyakin gargajiya, m kida, abubuwa da lafiya art, kayan ado.

Quaternary a kudancin Rasha bar yawa archeological shafukan alaka neanthropines. Duk da haka, da suka yi tafiya zuwa mafi arewacin yankunan. Sanyaya mutane sun koyi tsira da taimakon Jawo tufafi da gobara. Saboda haka, misali, Quaternary Yammacin Siberia kuma ga fadada daga mutane kokarin shiga sabuwar ƙasa. 5000 shekaru da suka wuce da Bronze Age, 3000 shekaru da suka wuce - baƙin ƙarfe. A lokaci guda a Mesafotamiya, Misira da kuma Rum samo asali cibiyoyin na zamanin d wayewa.

ma'adanai

Masana kimiyya suna zuwa kashi da dama kungiyoyin da ma'adanai da cewa ya bar mana da Quaternary lokaci. Adibas na karshe karni da dama adibas, ba na ƙarfe ba kuma combustible kayan, ores na sedimentary asalin. Known littoral da alluvial adibas. A mafi muhimmanci ma'adanai na Quaternary lokaci: zinariya, Diamonds, platinum, cassiterite, ilmenite, rutile da zircon.

Bugu da kari, wani babban darajar daban-daban na baƙin ƙarfe ores na lake da lake-fadama asalin. Wannan kungiyar kuma sun hada da manganese da mednovanadievye adibas. Irin wannan gungu ne na kowa a cikin tekuna.

A richness na subsoil

Ko a yau ci gaba da eroding da Equatorial kuma wurare masu zafi kankara na Quaternary lokaci. A sakamakon wannan tsari ne kafa laterite. Irin wannan samuwar ne mai rufi da aluminum da baƙin ƙarfe, da shi ne wani muhimmin Afirka ma'adanai. Metalliferous ɓawon burodi guda latitudes arziki adibas na nickel, cobalt, jan, manganese, kazalika da tsaurin clays.

A Quaternary lokaci akwai gagarumin kuma ba na ƙarfe ba ma'adanai. Wannan graviyniki (su tartsatsi amfani a yi) da kuma kafa gilashin Sands, da na dutse, da potassium salts, sulfur, borates, peat, kuma lignite. A Quaternary sediments ruwan karkashin kasa kammala da cewa babban tushen ruwan sha. Kada ka manta game da permafrost da kankara. A general, na karshe ma'aunan kasa lokacin da ya rage kambi, wanda ya fara fiye da 4.5 biliyan shekaru da suka wuce, da ma'aunan kasa juyin halitta daga cikin Duniya.