A farko tsarin da tushe, da miƙa mulki daga primary zuwa secondary tsarin tushen

A karkashin kasa sashen mafi girma spore, gymnosperms da flowering shuke-shuke - tushen. Ya fara bayyana a cikin gansakuka da kuma aikin ba kawai aiki na goyon baya, amma kuma samar da duk sauran sassa na shuka da ruwa da kuma narkar da ma'adinai salts. A gymnosperms da angiosperms samar da babban tushen tasowa daga amfrayo tushen. Daga baya kafa tushen tsarin, tsarin wanda shi ne daban-daban a monocots da dicots. A wannan labarin, za mu bincika firamare da sakandare tushen ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin flowering shuke-shuke, wanda tsaba da biyu cotyledons, da kuma takamaiman misalai nuna rawar da shuka kyallen takarda da tsarin abubuwa na cikin karkashin kasa sashi a tabbatar da aiki na jiki da shuka.

A tayi tushen da kuma ta ci gaba

A lokacin iri germination tasowa na farko rabo daga tsakiya, da ake kira germinal kashin baya. Ya kunshi da ilimi nama Kwayoyin - da farko meristem, apical ɓangare na abin da ake kira koli. A lokacin mitotic rabo na ta bijiro da batun kafa Kwayoyin kafa ta farko tsarin da tushen, ya kunshi rhizodermis, primary bawo da axial Silinda. Bari mu zauna a kan morphological kuma physiological halaye na farko ilimi masana'anta, located a saman biyu tayi Tushen, kuma a cikin apical ɓangare na matasa Tushen: main, a kaikaice da m. Species mai suna karshe, mafi yawa samu a monocots. Da suka ci gaba daga kasa na kara. Saboda haka ne koli na farko Kwayoyin. A ci gaban tsarin, sai suka samar da primary meristem. A karkashin ta Layer fara bambantawa na cell Tsarin kai ga bayyanar da generated ilimi nama anatomic tsarin shigar da primary tushen. A shuka aka adana har bayyanar sakandare meristems, kira cambium da fellogenom.

Rhizodermis: tsarin da kuma ma'anar

Rizoderma ko rhizodermis ne a shafi Layer nama Kwayoyin zubar a kan wani tsakiyar matasa tushen mikawa barinta, kuma gefen rassan. Mafi muhimmanci ga shuka shi ne wani ɓangare na murfin masana'anta, wadda aka shirya a tushen yankin, yin sha na ruwa da kuma ma'adinai salts. Yana elongated Kwayoyin kafa rhizodermis tushen dankon. Su cytoplasm ƙunshi manyan yawan vacuoles da cell bango ne sosai na bakin ciki, ba tare da cuticle. Rizoderma ne a tushen rabo daga tushen hula kafin a kaikaice tushen zone, wanda ake kira conductive. An gano cewa matsayin tushen hairs game da tushen hula located a saman babban tushe, kusan canzawa.

Tushen hairs da kuma rawar da suka taka a rayuwar shuke-shuke

Idan akai la'akari da microscopic tsarin da farko tushen, za ka ga cewa rizoderma ne wanda aka samu daga cikin gari marinjãya Layer - dermatogena. Yana, bi da bi, an kafa ta rarraba koli na farko Kwayoyin. Tsotsa tushen sashi ne mafi m to kwatsam canje-canje a cikin muhalli yanayi, saboda haka, kyanda hairs iya sauri wither bãya. Wannan shi ne babban dalilin da matalauta rayuwa kudi na seedlings, kuma ko da ta mutuwa. A ci gaban da jam sel mutu kuma an sloughed rizodermy. Ƙarƙashin wani Layer na m masana'anta - exoderm partially shan kashi a cikin samuwar mararraba abubuwa. Saboda su ruwa mafita daga ma'adinai mahadi da kuma na tushen hairs shigar da Silinda axis, nasa ne da farko tsarin da tushen.

Ya qunshi wani conductive masana'anta daga wanda ci gaba a lokacin yanayin halitta na juya tasoshin - da trachea da sieve shambura daga abokin-Kwayoyin. Ba dukkan tsire-tsire samar da wata rijiya-ɓullo da tsarin na tushen dankon. Alal misali, fadama da kuma cikin ruwa jinsunan ne mãsu fakowa ba saboda wani wuce haddi na ruwa a cikin yanayi.

Primary meristem - pericycle

Wannan tsari, wanda yake shi ne a cikin nau'i na wani zobe da kuma maida hankali da tsakiyar Silinda located karkashin rizodermoy. Ya kunshi kananan, hanzari rarraba sel da ilimi masana'anta da yake ba a dukkan woody da herbaceous shuka siffofin da cewa haifa da tsaba. All sassa na tsakiyar Silinda tasowa saboda pericycle Kwayoyin.

A farko tsarin da tushen da wani bipartite shuka tabbatar da cewa da gefen shafuka kuma adventitious Tushen a cikin matsanancin Layer na masana'anta na ilimi - meristem. Da wakilan da dicotyledonous shuke-shuke na da iyali Rosaceae, legumes, Solanaceae, shi ne sai ya tuba zuwa sakandare nau'in, kamar phellogen ko cambium. A sakamakon mitotic division pericycle Kwayoyin ne bayyanar kama sifa da aiki na da amfrayo nama zones nan gaba - periblemy, wanda aka kafa daga farko bawo da dermatogena, authorizing farko na primary apical meristem.

primary bawo

Wannan tushen rabo wakilta yafi na parenchyma Kwayoyin. Part shuka nama dab rhizodermis kira exoderm, tsakiyar Layer na farko bawo - mesodam. Idan akai la'akari da farko tsarin da tushen karkashin wani microscope, wadannan shafukan za a iya samu a manyan adadin intercellular sarari. Sun zama wani wuri na wurare dabam dabam na oxygen da kuma carbon dioxide, da kuma haka shiga cikin gas musayar. A ciki rabo ƙunshi cikin cell kungiyoyin shirya a wani m tufka.

Bayan halakar rhizodermis dage farawa danda rabo exoderm, sa'an nan suka oprobkovevayut a kaikaice tushen zone kuma baya yin wani m aiki. Bayan duk uku yadudduka na bawo radially motsi ruwa kwayoyin sa'an nan gudãna a ƙarƙashinsu, da tasoshin tsakiyar Silinda na tushen. A cewar shi, godiya ga matsin lamba na tushen da kuma transpiration, ruwa da kuma ma'adinai mafita tãyar da kara da kuma ganye. Bugu da kari, gudanar da mahadi kamar sitaci ko inulin iya tara a primary cortical parenchyma sel da mesodam.

tsakiyar silinda

Idan akai la'akari da microscopic tsarin da farko tushen wata bipartite shuka, za a iya samu irin wannan tsarin, kamar yadda da stele. Wannan axial rabo qunshi wani jam'i na ilimin Halittar Jiki Tsarin cewa tsayar da aiki na abubuwa. Sun kunshi farko nama - xylem da kuma kafa conductive abubuwa, kamar tasoshin (trachea). Solutions na glucose da kuma sauran hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi matsawa daga ganye da kuma stalks na tushen sieve shambura dake a cikin bawo, da ruwa da kuma ma'adinai abubuwa a cikin tasoshin (tracheas) zo daga tushen zuwa Silinda axial vegetative shuka gabobin.

Cambium rawa a tushen ci gaban

A mi} a mulki daga primary zuwa secondary tsarin da tushen faruwa a seedling mataki da kuma alama ta bayyanar ilimi masana'anta - cambium. Daya daga cikin irin kafa daga protomeristemy jijiyoyin bugun gini daure.

Bugu da ari, akwai wuraren radiation cambium. Duka wadannan iri sakandare meristem cambium ci a cikin wani na kowa zobe, wanda ya ta'allaka tsakanin bawo da kuma tsakiyar Silinda. Saboda da aiki mitosis, cambium Kwayoyin samar da biyu yadudduka na sakandare conductive yadudduka: ciki directed zuwa da stele - xylem da distal ta da indodem - phloem. A sakamakon da aka bayyana a sama matakai, da axial Silinda zama da sakandare tsarin halayyar duk tushen dicotyledonous shuke-shuke.

Abin da canje-canje suna faruwa a cikin primary bawo

Ana zargin sakandare kade kyallen takarda - xylem da phloem sa canji da kuma pericycle. Its Kwayoyin, rarraba ta mitosis, ta samar da wata Layer na toshe kwalaba cambium - phellogen, wanda, bi da bi, Forms da periderm. Bangaren na Periclinal cell fara raba, wadda take kaiwa zuwa warewa daga cikin primary bawo daga axial Silinda, kuma m - to ta nau'i nau'i. Yanzu, cikin matsanancin Layer na sakandare tushen ne periderm tare da sauran rabo phelloderm da pericycle. Kamar yadda ka gani, da firamare da kuma sakandare tsarin da tushen ne matuƙa, daban-daban daga juna. Wadannan bambance-bambance da lãbãri a gare duk da sashen, ciki har da bawo da kuma tsakiyar Silinda. Su ne musamman m a cikin ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin da ilimi da kuma rufe kyallen takarda. A mafi muhimmanci matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin tushen a cikin tsawon girma, za mu iya ɗauka bayyanar cambium da sakandare shafin conductive yadudduka. Wadannan sub-title, mu yi la'akari da su a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Primary da kuma sakandare tsarin tushen

Bambance-bambance a ilimin halittar jiki da kuma physiological ayyuka na girma tushen wata bipartite shuka za a iya wakilta a tebur:

Bugu da kari ga tebur na wasiƙa cewa sakandare thickening tushen tushen at dicots bayyana mitotic aiki na cambium Kwayoyin da tushen girma a tsawon ake dangantawa da Ana ɗaukaka da kuma motsi da apical meristem da kuma tushen hula Kwayoyin zurfi a cikin ƙasa. Upper tsakiyar tushen nasara da juriya na ƙasa m rabo saboda high karuwa da makamashi, don haka a tushen itatuwa angiosperms a lokacin germination iya shiga ko da kwalta.