Radiation raka'a. iya shiga radiation ji naúrar

Tun tsakiyar karni na karshe, kimiyya ya zo da wani sabon kalmar - radiation. Its samu ya kawo zukatan lissafin kimiyya a duniya da kuma yarda ka jefar da wasu Newtonian theories da kuma yin m zaton game da tsarin da sararin samaniya, ta halitta da kuma mu wuri a cikin ta. Amma duk da wannan - domin masana. A townsfolk ma kawai hargowa da kokarin yanki tare da irin wannan disparate ilmi game da wannan batu. Complicating da tsari ne gaskiya cewa radiation naúrar akwai quite mai yawa kuma dukansu suna da hakkin.

terminology

A karon farko, wanda ya hadu - shi ne, a gaskiya, radiation. Don haka ya kira watsi aiwatar da wani abu na minti barbashi, kamar electrons, protons, neutrons, helium kwayoyin halitta, da sauransu. Dangane da irin barbashi radiation Properties bambanta da juna. Watsi da aka lura ko dai a lalata cikin sauki abubuwa, ko dai a cikin su kira.

Radiation ji naúrar - wani al'ada Ganin cewa nuna yadda mutane da yawa na farko barbashi saki daga kayan. A lokacin, kimiyyar lissafi aiki tare da bakwai daban-daban raka'a, da kuma haduwa daga gare ta. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don bayyana daban-daban matakai da ya faru tare da al'amarin.

Rediyoaktif lalace - sabani canji na tsarin m nuclei na kwayoyin halitta amfani saki microparticles.

Lalata m - shi ne mai ilimin kididdiga ra'ayi, tsinkaya yiwuwar gazawar da zarra ga wani lokaci.

A rabin-rai - a lokaci tazara a lokacin da decomposes rabin adadin abu. Wasu abubuwa na shi kidaya a minti, yayin da wasu - na shekaru da kuma ko da shekarun da suka gabata.

Menene auna radiation

Raka'a radiation ji - ba ne kawai suke cewa ana amfani da su kimanta da kaddarorin na rediyoaktif kayan. Har ila yau, amfani ne irin dabi'u kamar:
- Activity radiation tushen;
- juyi yawa (yawan ionizing barbashi da naúrar yankin).

Bugu da kari, akwai bambanci a cikin bayanin da sakamakon radiation a rai, kuma maras rai abubuwa. Saboda haka, idan matattun abu, da cewa su ne zartar da shi da ra'ayi:

- da tunawa kashi.
- daukan hotuna kashi.

Idan radiation sakamako a kan mai rai nama, da wadannan sharuddan aka yi amfani:

- m kashi.
- tasiri m kashi.
- kashi kudi.

radiation raka'a su ne, kamar yadda riga aka ambata a sama, da na al'ada Tazarar dabi'u dauka da masana kimiyya sauƙaƙe lissafin da kuma gina shiriritar da kuma ra'ayoyinsa. Wata kila wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa babu wani tsari guda na kowa naúrar na ji.

Curie

Daya daga cikin radiation raka'a ne curie. Bai shafi to your tsarin (ba ya kasance a cikin SI tsarin). A Rasha, shi da ake amfani a nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi da kuma magani. Active abu zai daidaita daya curie da na biyu idan zai faru 3.7 milliardov rediyoaktif ƙãrẽwa. Abin da ya ce cewa daya curie ne daidai da uku biliyan ɗari bakwai da miliyan becquerels.

Wannan lambar ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Mariya Kyuri (wanda gabatar a cikin kimiyya da lokaci) gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a radium kuma dauki matsayin dalilin da kudi na lalace. Amma a kan lokaci, lissafin kimiyya sun yanke shawarar cewa na lamba darajar wannan naúrar ne mafi alhẽri ya yi riko da sauran - becquerel. Yana yiwuwa don kauce wa wasu daga cikin kurakurai a cikin ilmin lissafi lissafin.

Bugu da kari a Ci, za ka iya sau da yawa sami sau ko submultiples, kamar:
- megacuries (yanã daidai da 3.7 for 10 zuwa 16 digiri becquerels).
- kilocurie (3.7 dubu biliyan becquerels).
- mc (miliyan 37 becquerels).
- microcuries (37,000 becquerels).

Tare da wannan na'ura za a iya bayyana a juz'i, surface, ko da takamaiman ayyuka na abu.

Becquerel

Unit allurai radiation Becquerel ne na tsari da aka hada a International Raka'a (SI) tsarin. Yana da matukar sauki, saboda radiation aiki na daya becquerel yana nufin cewa a abu daya ne kadai akwai rediyoaktif lalata da na biyu.

Yana samu da sunan da girmama na Antuana Anri Becquerel, Faransa likita. Sunan da aka amince a karshen karni na karshe, kuma har yanzu ana amfani a yau. Tun da yake wannan ne fairly kananan naúrar, shi ne amfani da su koma zuwa ga ayyuka na gidan goma kari kafin kalma: kilo, milli, micro, da sauransu.

Kwanan nan, tare da Becquerel aka yi amfani da Common Units kamar Ci, kuma rd. Rutherford daidai miliyan daya becquerels. A cikin bayanin da girma ko surface aiki za a iya samu zane-zane da Becquerel da kilogram Becquerel da mita (square ko cubic) da kuma daban-daban Kalam daga gare ta.

X-ray

Unit na awo X-ray radiation, ma, ba wani tsarin, ko da yake yadu amfani da su koma zuwa ga daukan hotuna kashi samu gamma radiation. Daya X-ray ne radiation kashi a wanda daya cubic santimita na iska a misali yanayi matsa lamba da kuma sifili zazzabi shaida, a lura da 3.3 * (10 * -10). Wannan shi ne daidai miliyan biyu da nau'i-nau'i daga ions.

Duk da cewa bisa ga Rasha dokokin, mafi maras SI raka'a aka haramta yin amfani da X-haskoki amfani a sa alama na dosimeters. Amma za su nan da nan gushe a yi amfani, kamar yadda ya fi m don yin rikodi da kuma lissafi duk a cikin m, kuma sievert.

farin ciki

Rad Unit na radiation ne a waje da SI tsarin da kuma daidai da yawan irin radiation, a cikin abin da daya gram na abu yana daukar kwayar cutar miliyan daya joules da makamashi. Wannan shi ne daya yarda - da shi ne 0.01 joule da kilogram na al'amarin.

A abu wanda garwaya da makamashi na iya zama ko dai mai rai nama, da sauran kwayoyin da inorganic abubuwa da abu: gona, ruwa, iska. Matsayin mai zaman kanta naúrar Rad da aka gabatar a 1953 da kuma Rasha na da hakkin ya yi amfani da kimiyyar lissafi da kuma magani.

Gray

Wannan shi ne wani sashi ne na auna daga radiation matakin, wanda aka gane ta kasa da kasa System of Units. Yana nuna tunawa kashi na radiation. An yi imani da cewa abu ya samu wani kashi na daya launin toka, idan makamashi da cewa yana daukar kwayar cutar zuwa radiation, shi ne daidaita daya joule da kilogram.

Wannan naúrar ya samu da sunan da girmama na Turanci masanin kimiyya Lewis Gray, da kuma aka ƙa'ida gabatar da kimiyya a shekarar 1975. Bisa ga dokoki, da cikakken suna da naúrar aka rattaba kalma da Ƙaramin baki wasika, amma ta raguwa - wani babban daya. Daya launin toka ne, sunã daidaita da ɗaya da ɗari Radama. Bayan sauki raka'a, Science amfani da ko da sau da sub-, sau da equivalents kamar kilogram, megagrey, detsigrey, santigrey, da kuma sauran microg.

Sievert

Unit sievert radiation amfani don nuna a fakaice m da tasiri allurai radiation da kuma hada a SI matsayin m da Bq. Yana amfani a kimiyya tun 1978. Daya Sv ne daidaita da makamashi da cewa ya tunawa kilogram nama Warming bayan daukan hotuna na gamma haskoki. Sunan naúrar aka mai suna bayan Rolf Sievert, wani masanin kimiyya daga Sweden.

Bisa ga definition, Sievert da Grays ne, wanda yake daidai da kuma tunawa kashi ne guda size. Amma da bambanci tsakanin su ne har yanzu akwai. A kayyade m kashi zama dole su yi la'akari da ba kawai da yawa amma kuma da sauran kaddarorin da radiation, kamar zango, mawadãta, kuma wanda barbashi wakiltar shi. Saboda haka, na lamba tamanin da tunawa kashi na radiation aka yawaita da ingancin factor.

Alal misali, duk sauran yanayin zama daidai, sakamakon sha na alpha barbashi za ashirin sau fiye da guda kashi na gamma radiation. Bugu da ƙari kuma, nama factor dole ne a yi la'akari, wanda ya nuna yadda jikin amsa ga radiation. Saboda haka, kwatankwacin kashi da aka yi amfani da radiobiology da tasiri - a cikin sana'a Lafiya (don normalize radiation daukan hotuna).

hasken rana m

Akwai ka'idar cewa rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu da aka gani a matsayin hasken rana radiation. Raka'a ji na radiation daga star - da adadin kuzari da kuma watts rms da naúrar lokaci. Saboda haka aka yanke shawarar, saboda girma da radiation daga rana ne m da adadin zafi wanda aka samar da abubuwa, da tsanani da abin da aka kawota. Ya zo a Duniya kawai rabin milyan daga cikin jimlar adadin jefarwa makamashi.

Radiation daga star aka rarraba a sarari a gudun haske a cikin yanayi samun a cikin nau'i na haskoki. Da bakan wannan radiation ne quite m - daga "fari amo", watau igiyoyin rediyo zuwa X-haskoki. Barbashi wanda kuma fada tare da radiation - ne protons, amma wani lokacin electrons iya zama (idan da a saki makamashi ne mafi girma).

A radiation samu daga rana, ne tuki da karfi na duk rayuwa matakai a duniya. The adadin kuzari mu sami dogara a kan lokaci na shekara, da arziki na da taurari a sararin sama da kuma nuna gaskiya da yanayi.

radiation tasiri a kan halittu masu rai

Idan m, a da halaye da rayuwa nama irradiated tare da daban-daban na radiation (a cikin wannan kashi da kuma tsanani), sa'an nan sakamakon zai zama daban-daban. Saboda haka, domin sanin da sakamakon kawai kadan tunawa ko da daukan hotuna kashi, duka a cikin hali na saumn abubuwa. Bayyana a fage naúrar na ionizing radiation, kamar Grays da Sieverts rems, wanda nuna wani m kashi na radiation.

Kira m kashi tunawa da rai nama, da kuma yawaita da matukar (tabular) rabo wanda daukan la'akari da yadda m wasu nau'i na radiation. Mafi sau da yawa amfani da su domin auna shi da sievert. Daya sievert ne daidai da ɗaya da ɗari beram. The fi girma da rabo, bi da bi, m radiation. Saboda haka, domin photons ne - a naúrar, kuma ga neutrons da alpha barbashi - ashirin.

Tun da nuclear hatsari a Rasha da kuma wasu CIS kasashe da biya na musamman da hankali ga matakin na radiation daukan hotuna a kan mutumin. M kashi daga halitta kafofin na radiation kada wuce biyar millisieverts a kowace shekara.

Action na radionuclides a kan wadanda ba mai rai abubuwa

Rediyoaktif barbashi gudanar da wani lura da makamashi da cewa sun kai ga abu, a lõkacin da fuskantar shi. Kuma da karin barbashi shãfe a kan hanyarsu tare da wani adadin na abu, da more shi zai samu makamashi. The adadin ta kiyasta a cikin allurai.

1. Tunawa kashi - ne adadin radiation cewa an samu ainihi abu. Auna a grays. Wannan darajar ba asusu domin gaskiyar cewa da tasiri na daban-daban na radiation a kan al'amarin ne daban-daban.
2. Exposure kashi - ne tunawa kashi, amma tare da mataki na ionization na daban-daban abubuwa daga daukan hotuna zuwa rediyoaktif barbashi. Auna a coulombs da kilogram, ko X-haskoki.