Mariya Kyuri. Maria Sklodowska-Curie: A Biography. Marii Kyuri University a Lublin

Back a farkon karni na 20th, kafin yakin duniya na farko, a lokacin da ya auna kuma sannu a hankali dripping lokaci Ladies sa corsets, da kuma mata riga sun yi aure, ya kiyaye up bayyanuwa (zuwa gona da kuma ya zauna a gida), Kyuri Mariya aka bayar biyu Nobel kyaututtuka: a 1908 - a kimiyyar lissafi, a 1911 - a sunadarai. Ta dauki wani yawa na farko, amma watakila mafi muhimmanci - shi ne cewa Maryamu ta yi wani real juyin juya halin a jama'a sani. Mata bayan ta gabagaɗi, suka shiga kimiyya ba tare da tsoro a kan wani ɓangare na kimiyya al'umma, kunsha a lokacin da maza, izgili a cikin jam'iyyar. Amazing mutum ya Mariya Kyuri. Biography bayar da ke ƙasa zai shawo ku daga wannan.

asalin

A na farko sunan mace ya Sklodowska. Mahaifinta, Vladislav Sklodovsky, kuma ya kammala karatunsa a saboda lokaci da St. Petersburg University. Sa'an nan ya komo Warsaw domin ya koyar da lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi a makarantar sakandare. Matarsa, Bronislava, dauke da masauki tare da wani rejista da 'yan mata yar makaranta. Ta taimaka a kusa da mijinta, wani m lover of karatu. Duk a cikin iyali yana da 'ya'ya biyar. Maria Sklodowska-Curie (Manya ta sunan kamar yadda wani yaro) - ƙarami.

Warsaw yara

Ta yara da aka tari mahaifiyarsa. Bronislaw sha wahala daga tarin fuka. Ta rasu a lokacin da Maryamu ce kaɗai shekaru 11 da haihuwa. Son sani da ikon koyi daban-daban Sklodowska duk yara, da kuma Manu ne kawai zai yiwu ba su tsaga daga cikin littafin. Mahaifinsa karfafa yadda iya sha'awar ga koyo a 'ya'yansu. Abinda ya tada iyali, - bukatar karatu a Rasha. A cikin hoto sama - gidan da aka haife shi da ya ciyar da ita da yara Maria. Yanzu a nan shi ne gidan kayan gargajiya.

A halin da ake ciki a Poland

Poland ya sa'an nan ɓangare na Rasha Empire. Saboda haka, duk nahawu sarrafawa Rasha jami'an, gani da shi cewa duk abubuwa sun kasance a cikin harshen da daular. Yara suka ko da Katolika da salla karanta a Rasha, amma ba a nasu, inda suka yi addu'a, kuma ya yi magana a gida. Vladislav saboda wannan sau da yawa frustrating. Bayan duk, wani lokacin wani almajiri, kyau a ilimin lissafi, wanda daidai warware a Polish daban-daban matsaloli, kwatsam "Tupelo" a lokacin da ake bukata don canzawa zuwa Rasha, wanda zai ba su sani ba. Tun suna yara, domin sun ga duk wannan wulãkanci, Maria duk ta nan gaba rayuwa, duk da haka, kamar sauran mazaunan jihar, tsage a lokacin baya ya m Bakan'ane, kuma a na ainihi memba na manyan mukaman Polish fraternities.

lallashewa 'yan'uwa mãtã

A yarinya ya ba da sauki girma ba tare da wata uwa. Dad ko da yaushe aiki a wurin aiki, pedantic malamai a makarantar sakandare ... Manya mafi abokai da Armor 'yar'uwarsa. Suka amince da su su matasa cewa zai zama tabbata ga karatu da kara, bayan ƙarshen dakin motsa jiki. A Warsaw, mafi girma ilimi ya yiwuwa a samu a yayin da mata, don haka suka mafarkin na Sorbonne. Yarjejeniyar da aka kamar haka: na farko Armor zai fara da karatu kamar yadda ta ne dadadde. Amma Manya zai sami kudi domin ta ilimi. Lokacin da ta koya game da likita, nan da nan ya fara koyon Manya da 'yar'uwarta, zai taimake ta a matsayin mai yawa. Duk da haka, shi ya juya fitar da cewa mafarkin na Paris da aka jinkirta da kusan shekaru 5.

Ayuba governess

Manya zo governess zuwa Estate na Pike, da yara na wani m gida mallaki gidaje. The masu ba yaba da haske hankali na yarinya. A kowane mataki, sai suka ba ta fahimci cewa ta ke kawai wani matalauci bawa. A Pike yarinya rayu wuya, amma ta na fama saboda Armor. Duka 'yan'uwa mãtã sun sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare tare da wani ya samu lambar zinariya. Brother Yusef (ma, ba zato ba tsammani, da zinariya medalist) ya tafi zuwa Warsaw, sai ya shiga Medical Faculty. Elia kuma samu lambar yabo a gasar, amma ta da'awar sun suna fadin. Ta yanke shawarar zama tare da mahaifinta ya gudu da tattalin arziki. 4th yar'uwarsa matattu yaro a cikin iyali, a lõkacin da ta kasance har yanzu da rai, mahaifiyarta. A general, Vladislav iya gaskiya da zama alfahari da sauran yara.

A farko lover

Biyar yara sun Maria ma'aikata. Ta koyar da matasa, amma a kan vacation sau da yawa ziyarci Kazimierz shi ne ɗan fari. Ya kusantar da hankali ga irin wannan sabon abu governess. Yana featured a manyan mulkin kai. Bugu da kari, shi ya ga wata yarinya na cewa lokaci ne sabon abu, shi ne patines, da gudanar da oars, kunã mãsu alfãhari dokoki da kuma matukan jirgin hau. Kuma duk da haka, kamar yadda ta daga baya shigar Kazimierz, sosai m rubutu shayari kuma karanta littattafai a kan ilmin lissafi, wanda jũna a ta shayari.

Tsakanin matasa bayan wani lokaci akwai wani platonic ji. Manu shiga cikin fid da zuciya ta gaskiya cewa iyaye da girman kai lover ba za su taba yarda da shi to danganta su ƙaddara tare da wani governess. Kazimierz zo da Hutun bazara da kuma holidays, da kuma sauran lokaci ta rayu wani taro tsammanin. Amma a yanzu shi ne lokacin da za a ja da baya da kuma je Paris. Manya bar Pike tare da wani nauyi zuciya - kasance a baya Kazimierz da lit farko soyayya shekaru.

Sa'an nan, a lõkacin da, a cikin rãyuwar 27-shekara Maria zai zama Per Kyuri, ta nan da nan ya gane cewa ya zama aminci ga mijinta. Abubuwa za su kasance daban-daban a cikin yanayin da shi - ba tare da tashin hankali da mafarkai da kuma juyayinsu annobar cutar. Watakila Mary kamar samun mazan?

Na'ura a Paris

Ta iso a 1891 a Faransa. Armor da mijinta, Kazimierz Dlusskiy kuma yi aiki a matsayin likita, ya fara kula da ita. Duk da haka, da rarrabẽwar Maria (a Paris, sai ta fara kiran kanta Marie) tsayayya da wannan. Ta dauki kashe kanta dakin, da kuma sa suna a cikin Sorbonne, a cikin baiwa da kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Marie zauna a Paris a Latin Quarter. ] Akunan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da kuma jami'o'i ne gaba kofa ga su. Dlusskiy ya taimaka wa 'yar'uwa to sauke kashe matarsa ta hannu truck suna fadin kayayyakinsu. Marie resolutely ki shirya da wasu yarinya domin su biya cikin dakin kasa - tana son ta magance marigayi kuma a shiru. Its kasafin kudin da aka a 1892, 40 rubles, ko 100 francs a watan, watau. E. 3 da kadan Franc kullum. Kuma shi ya zama dole su biya cikin dakin, da tufafi, da abinci, da littattafai, da kuma litattafan rubutunku horo a Jami'ar ... Ta trimmed rage cin abinci. Kuma kamar yadda ta yi aiki wuya, nan da nan ya suma dama a cikin aji. Classmate gudu zuwa neman taimako ga Dlusskiy. Kuma suka sake dauki ga shi Maryama saboda ta iya biya kasa ga gidaje da kuma ci yadda ya kamata.

Sani da Pierre

Daya classmate Mary gayyace ta zuwa ziyarci shahara likita daga Poland. Sai ta farko ga mutumin da wanda ta aka ƙaddara daga baya ya lashe kasa da kasa fitarwa. Yayin da yarinya yana dan shekaru 27, da kuma Pierre - 35 years. Lokacin da Marie zo a cikin falo, ya tsaya a ƙofar baranda. Ta yi kokarin bincika shi, da kuma rãna makantar da ita. Saboda haka mu hadu Mariya Sklodovskaya kuma Per Kyuri.

Pierre aka kishin kimiyya da dukan zuciyata. Iyaye kokarin sau da dama don gabatar da shi ga wata mace, amma ko da yaushe a banza - su duka kamar zuwa gare shi m, wawa kuma tausayin. Kuma da maraice, magana da Marie, ya lura cewa, ya samu wani daidai interlocutor. A wannan lokacin, ta za'ayi aikin, da umarnin ta Society for da ƙarfafawa daga National Industry, da Magnetic Properties na daban-daban karfe maki. Marie kawai fara zuwa karatu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Hugo Liepmann. Kuma a bãyansu yi aiki a Makarantar Physics da Chemistry da Pierre ya kasance bincike kan magnetism kuma ko da bude su, "Curie". Sun mutane za magana game da. Pierre Marie kwashe kafin cewa tun da sassafe suka tafi da filayen zuwa sama daisies ga masõyansa.

bikin aure

Pierre kuma Marie Yuli 14, 1895 da aka yi aure, kuma ya tafi zuwa ga Ile-de-France a kan su gudun amarci. Akwai su karanta, hawa kekuna, tattauna kimiyya batutuwa. Pierre ko saboda ya matasa matar ya fara koyar da harshen ... Polish

wani muhimmanci taron

A lokacin haihuwar Irene su na farko ya, mata Marie ya kare doctoral sabawa rubuce-rubucensu da matarsa sauke karatu na farko a cikin edition na Jami'ar Sorbonne. A karshen 1897, bincike a kan magnetism aka kammala kuma Kyuri Mariya fara neman wani taƙaitaccen labari topic. A wannan lokaci da biyu ya gana da Anri Bekkerelem, likita. Ya bude wani shekara da suka wuce da cewa uranium mahadi emit radiation wanda yake shiga warai. Ya, da bambanci ga X-ray, m uranium dukiya. Kyuri Mariya, dauke da wani m sabon abu, ya yanke shawarar gano shi. Pierre sa saukar da aikin domin taimaka wa matarsa.

A farko bude da awarding na Nobel Prize

Pierre kuma Mariya Kyuri a 1898 bude 2 sabon abubuwa. A farko daya da suka kira polonium (bayan Marie ta mahaifarsa, Poland), da kuma na biyu - radium. Tun da su ba su ware fitar da bã daya kuma bã da sauran kashi, shi ba zai iya samar da hujja na zama chemists. Kuma na gaba 4 shekaru biyu da aka cirewa radium da polonium daga uranium tama. Pierre kuma Mariya Kyuri daga safe zuwa dare aiki a schelyastom sito fallasa su radiation. The biyu da aka ƙone da ya gane hatsarin da karatu. Duk da haka, sai suka yanke shawarar ci gaba da su! Wife a watan Satumba 1902 samu 1/10 wata gram na radium chloride. Amma polonium da suka kasa bambanta - kamar yadda ya juya waje, shi ne mai samfurin na radium lalace. Heat da bluish luminescence jefarwa radium gishiri. Yana ja hankalin na duniya ne wata dama abu. A watan Disamba, 1903 da biyu aka bayar tare da haɗin gwiwar Becquerel Nobel Prize a kimiyyar lissafi. Kyuri Mari ya mace ta farko wanda ya samu shi!

Asarar da mijinta

Na biyu ya, Hauwa'u, aka haifa musu a watan Disamba 1904. By lokacin da iyali ta kudi halin da ake ciki ya inganta da yawa. Pierre ya zama farfesa a kimiyyar lissafi a Sorbonne, da matarsa aiki ga mijinta shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wani mummunan abin ya faru a cikin watan Afrilu 1906. Pierre ta mutuwa kawo saukar da ƙungiya. Maria Sklodowska-Curie, ta rasa mijinta, abokin aiki da aboki, da aka tawayar for 'yan watanni.

Na biyu Nobel Prize

Amma rayuwar tafi a kan. Mace su mayar da hankali a kan kasafi na ƙarfe radium a cikin tsarki tsari, ba ta mahadi. Ta samu wannan abu a cikin 1910 (tare da haɗin gwiwar A. Debirnom). Mariya Kyuri gano shi da kuma tabbatar da cewa radium - wani sinadari. Ta ga shi ma ya so ya riƙi wata memba na Faransa Academy of Sciences a cikin farkawa daga babban rabo mai girma, amma da muhawara fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa, shi ya fara baiting a latsa, kuma yana yiwuwa ya lashe machismo. A 1911, Marie aka bayar 2nd Nobel Prize a Chemistry. Ta zama na farko da mai karɓa da za a bayar da shi sau biyu.

Jobs Radievskom Institute

Domin radioactivity bincike da aka kafa Radievsky Cibiyar jim kadan kafin yakin duniya na farko. Curie yi aiki a nan a cikin filin na asali bincike radioactivity kuma likita aikace-aikace. A lokacin yakin da ta horar da sojojin likita Radiology, misali, don gane a jikin shrapnel ta X-haskoki, kawota šaukuwa X-ray da inji a gaba. Irene, da 'yarta, ya kasance daya daga cikin likitocin, wanda ta sanar da.

A karshe shekaru ransa

Ko da a cikin shekaru baya shi ci gaba da ayyukan Mariya Kyuri. Taqaitaccen Tarihin wadannan shekaru suna alama kamar haka: ta yi aiki tare da likitoci, dalibai rubuta bincike takardunku, kuma ma saki wani biography mijinta. Marie tafiya zuwa Poland, wanda ya karshe tsiwirwirinsu samun 'yancin kai. Ta kuma ziyarci Amurka, inda aka gana da babban rabo, da inda ta gabatar don ci gaba da gwajin 1 gram na radium (ta cost, ta hanyar, daidai da darajar fiye da 200 kg na zinariya). Duk da haka, da hulda da rediyoaktif abubuwa sanya kanta ji. Ta kiwon lafiya rincabewa, da kuma Yuli 4, 1934 Kyuri Mariya mutu daga cutar sankarar bargo. Wannan ya faru a Faransa Alps, a wani karamin asibiti dake a Sansellemoze.

Marii Kyuri University a Lublin

A girmamawa Curies kira sinadari curium (№ 96). Kuma sunan babbar mace Mary aka immortalized a cikin sunan University of Lublin (Poland). Shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girma a Poland, manyan cibiyoyin ilmi na jihar. University of Marii Kyuri-Sklodowska University kafa a 1944, a gaban shi wani abin tunawa, aka nuna a cikin hoto a sama. A farko rector da tsara wannan ilimi ma'aikata ya zama Mataimakin Farfesa Genrih Raabe. Yau, shi kunshi wadannan 10 ikon tunani:

- Chemistry.

- Biology da fasahan ilimin halittu.

- Arts.

- Bil Adama.

- Falsafa da ilimin halayyar.

- Pedagogy da ilimin halin dan Adam.

- Duniya Sciences da sarari Planning.

- LISSAFI, Physics da Informatics.

- The hakkokin da shugabanci.

- Kimiyyar Siyasa.

- Pedagogy da ilimin halin dan Adam.

University of Marii Kyuri zaɓi ya karatu fiye da 23.5 dubu dalibai, game da 500 na su -. Baƙi.