Kyuri Per: kimiyya nasarori. Nobel Prize for kimiyyar lissafi, Pierre kuma Marii Kyuri

Per Kyuri (May 15, 1859 - Afrilu 19, 1906) ya mai Faransa likita, wani majagaba a crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity da radioactivity.

nasara labari

Kafin ya shiga cikin bincike na matarsa - Maria Sklodowska-Curie, Per Kyuri aka riga yadu da aka sani da girmamawa a duniya da kimiyyar lissafi. Tare da ɗan'uwansa, Jacques, ya gano sabon abu na piezoelectricity, inda crystal iya zama electrically polarized, da kuma ƙirƙira da ma'adini ma'auni. Aikinsa a fasali na lu'ulu'u da binciken a kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin magnetism da kuma zazzabi ma an amince da a kimiyya al'umma. Ya shared da Nobel Prize a 1903 a kimiyyar lissafi tare da Anri Bekkerelem da matarsa Mariey Kyuri.

Pierre da matarsa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a gano radium da polonium, abubuwa ne da suka tasiri a kan bil'adama tare da m da makaman nukiliya Properties. Aurensu kafa kimiyya daular: da yara da jikoki daga shahararrun lissafin kimiyya sun kuma zama sanannun masana kimiyya.

Marie kuma Per Kyuri: A Biography

Pierre aka haife shi a Paris, Faransa, a cikin iyali na Sofia-Kler Depui, 'yar wani factory mai shi, da kuma Dr. Eugene Curie, freethinking likita. Mahaifinsa goyon bayan iyali na fadin likita yi, a lokaci guda don gamsar da soyayya na kimiyya. Ezhen Kyuri an idealist da kuma nuna jin Republican, da kuma kafa wani asibiti domin yi wa rauni a lokacin ƙungiya daga 1871.

Pierre samu ya pre-ilimin jami'a a gida. Ta sanar da farko ta mahaifiyarsa, sa'an nan - mahaifin kuma wana, Jacques. Ya musamman na son wannan yawon shakatawa zuwa karkara, inda Pierre iya tsayar da koyi game da tsire-tsire da dabbobi, masu tasowa, a soyayya yanayi, kiyaye su a cikin rayuwa, wanda shi ne ya kadai hutu da shakatawa a lokacin da m kimiyya aiki. A shekaru 14, ya nuna wani karfi hali ya azãbar sciences da kuma fara nazarin tare da wani farfesa a ilimin lissafi, da suka taimake shi wajen samar da ya kyauta a cikin wannan horo, musamman na sarari misali.

Curie yaro kallo da gwaje-gwaje da mahaifinsa, da kuma ya samu wani penchant ga gwaji karatu.

Na harhada magunguna a Physics

Pierre ilimi a fagen kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin lissafi kawo shi a 1875. digiri na farko mataki a cikin shekaru na goma sha shida.

A shekaru 18, ya samu wani m mataki a Sorbonne, kuma aka sani da University of Paris, amma ba nan da nan ya shiga cikin doctoral shirin saboda rashin kudi. Maimakon haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai dakin gwaje-gwaje mataimakin a cikin alma Mathes a 1878, zama wani mataimaki Paul Desena, alhakin awon aiki na dalibai-lissafin kimiyya. Duk da yake ɗan'uwansa, Jacques yi aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na mineralogy a Sorbonne, kuma suka fara wani m tsawon shekaru biyar na kimiyya da haɗin gwiwar.

nasara aure

A 1894, Pierre sadu da nan gaba matar - Mariey Sklodovskoy, suka yi karatu kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilmin lissafi a Sorbonne, kuma ya aure ta Yuli 25, 1895, ya yi wani sauki rundunar bikin aure bikin. Samu a matsayin bikin aure ba kudi Maria amfani domin sayan biyu kekuna, wanda ma'auratan sanya wani bikin aure tafiya zuwa Faransa larduna, da kuma wanda su ne na farko wajen hutu har shekaru da yawa. A 1897 sunã da wata 'yar, kuma' yan kwanaki baya, Pierre ta uwarsa mutu. Dr. Curie mayar da su cikin matasa biyu da kuma taimaka kula da jikanyar, Iren Kyuri.

Pierre kuma Marie kishin kansa kimiyya aiki. Tare da suke gano polonium da radium, sun majagaba a cikin binciken na radioactivity kuma shi ne na farko don amfani da wannan lokaci. A cikin ayyukansu, ciki har da sanannen doctoral rubutun Maria, suka yi amfani da data daga m piezoelectric electrometer, halitta da Pierre da ɗan'uwansa Jacques.

Per Kyuri: A Biography na kimiyyar

A 1880, shi da wana Jacques nuna cewa matsawa na crystal wani lantarki m, piezoelectricity. Ba da da ewa ba bayan haka (a 1881 a shekara) an nuna kishiyar sakamako: da lu'ulu'u za a iya maras kyau da lantarki filin. Kusan duk dijital lantarki a yau amfani da wannan sabon abu a cikin hanyar na ƙarau oscillators.

Kafin ya shahara doctoral rubutun a kan magnetism domin aunawa da halin maganaɗisu coefficients Faransa likita ya ci gaba da kyautata wani musamman m torsion balance. Su gyara da aka yi amfani da da kuma bi ta masu bincike a wannan filin.

Pierre karatu ferromagnetism, paramagnetism da diamagnetism. Ya gano kuma ya bayyana dogaro da wani abu m da ake magnetized da yawan zafin jiki, da aka sani a yau a matsayin Curie dokar. A m cikin wannan dokar da ake kira Curie m. Pierre ya gano cewa, ferromagnetic abubuwa da m zafin jiki na mika mulki, a sama da su rasa da ferromagnetic Properties. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira Curie batu.

A ka'ida wadda ta tsara Per Kyuri, rukunan fasali, shi ne cewa jiki sakamakon zai iya sa jeri na bangaren, da rashin shi sa. Alal misali, wani bazuwar cakuda da yashi a weightlessness jeri na bangaren yana da wani (yashi ne isotropic). Ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi saboda da jeri na bangaren na filin shugabanci taso. Grits "ana jerawa" a yawa, wanda qara tare da zurfin. Amma wannan sabon barbashi directed interposition yashi a zahiri nuna jeri na bangaren na gravitational filin, haddasa rabuwa.

radioactivity

Pierre et Marie na radioactivity aikin da aka bisa ga sakamakon X-haskoki da Anri Bekkerelya. A 1898, bayan m bincike, sun gano polonium da kuma 'yan watanni baya - radium, allocating 1 g wannan sinadari na uraninite. Bugu da kari, sun gano cewa, beta haskoki ana barnatar da cajin barbashi.

A wuyan Pierre kuma Marii Kyuri bukatar yawa kokarin. Ba isasshen kudi, da kuma ajiye a kan harkokin sufuri ta halin kaka, aiki da suka biked. Lalle ne, malamin ta albashi da aka kadan, amma biyu sun ci gaba da masana kimiyya ya sadaukar da lokaci da kuma kudi ga bincike.

A samu na polonium

Asiri na da nasara a da ake ji Fuka-fukai Curie sabon Hanyar sinadaran analysis, dangane da m ji daga radiation. Kowane abu da aka sanya a daya daga cikin faranti na capacitor, da kuma wani electrometer amfani da wani piezoelectric ma'adini da kuma auna iska watsin. Wannan awo ne mai gwargwado ga abun ciki na aiki abu kamar uranium ko thorium.

The biyu bari daga babban yawan sadarwa na kusan duk aka sani abubuwa da kuma gano cewa, kawai uranium da kuma thorium ne rediyoaktif. Duk da haka, sai suka yanke shawarar mataki da radiation jefarwa da ores daga wanda aka sinadarin uranium da kuma thorium, kamar halkolit da uraninite. Ore nuna aiki da aka 2.5 sau fi da cewa da uranium. Bayan lura da wani acid saura, da kuma hydrogen sulfide, sun gano cewa, da aiki dũkiyõyinsu a duk halayen tare bismuth. Duk da haka, da suka sun samu wani m division, abin lura cewa bismuth sulfide ne kasa maras tabbas fiye da sulfide ne wani sabon kashi, wanda suka mai suna polonium a cikin girmamawa Marii Kyuri mahaifarsa na Poland.

Radium, radiation, da Nobel Prize

Disamba 26, 1898 da kuma Jacques Curie Bemoni, shugaban na gudanar da bincike a cikin "Municipal School of Industrial Physics da Chemistry", a cikin rahoton da Academy of Sciences sanar da gano wani sabon kashi, wanda suka mai suna radium.

Faransa likita, tare da daya daga dalibinsa karo na farko saukar da makamashi na zarra, gano a ci gaba da zafi radiation barbashi sabon bincike kashi. Ya kuma bincika radiation na rediyoaktif abubuwa, kuma tare da taimakon Magnetic filayen, ya ya iya sanin cewa wasu daga cikin jefarwa barbashi an lallai cajin, da sauran - a cikin korau, yayin da wasu suka tsaka tsaki. Saboda haka gano alpha, beta da gamma radiation.

Curie shared da Nobel Prize a Physics a 1903 da matarsa, da Anri Bekkerelem. Yana aka bayar a amincewa da m sabis suka fassara ta da nazari radiation mamaki gano by Farfesa Becquerel.

'yan shekarun nan

Per Kyuri, wanda binciken farko da aka ba yadu yarda a Faransa, wanda bai ba shi ya dauki kujera na jiki sunadarai da mineralogy a Sorbonne, ya tafi birnin Geneva. The tafi canza abubuwa da cewa za a iya bayyana ta wurin leftist ra'ayoyi da kuma sabani a kan manufofin Uku Jamhuriyar dangane da kimiyya. Bayan ya takarar da aka jefa kashe a 1902, a 1905 aka kwantar da Academy.

The girma na Nobel Prize ya sa Faransa majalisar dokoki a shekara ta 1904 ya kafa wani sabon professorship for Curie a Sorbonne. Pierre ya ce ya bai zama a cikin School of Physics, yayin da a can ba za a cikakken kudi da dakin gwaje-gwaje da zama dole yawan mataimakansa. Ya bukatar da aka hadu, da Maryamu gangarawa ya awon.

By farkon 1906 Per Kyuri aka shirya, a karshe, domin na farko lokacin da za a fara aiki a dace da yanayi, ko da yake ya yi rashin lafiya, sosai gaji.

Afrilu 19, 1906 a birnin Paris, a lokacin abincin rana hutu, za daga wani taro tare da abokan aiki a Sorbonne, wucewa m daga ruwan sama Rue Dauphine Curie slipped a gaban doki karusa. The masanin kimiyya mutu a wani hatsari. Ya rasuwar, ko ban tausayi, duk da haka, ya taimake shi ya tsere mutuwa daga gaskiya cewa Per Kyuri gano - radiation daukan hotuna, da kuma daga baya ya kashe matarsa. The biyu da aka binne shi a crypt na pantheon a Paris.

The Legacy da masanin kimiyyar

A radioactivity na radium sa shi wani hadarin gaske musamman sinadari. Masana kimiyya gane shi ne kawai bayan da amfani da abu don haskaka dials, bangarori, agogo, da sauran kayan bushe a cikin farkon karni na ashirin fara da wani tasiri a kan kiwon lafiya na gyara da kuma masu amfani da. Duk da haka, radium chloride da ake amfani a magani domin lura da ciwon daji.

Polonium ya samu da dama m aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antu da kuma makaman nukiliya da wurin. Haka kuma an san su zama sosai mai guba da za a iya amfani da a matsayin mai guba. Zai yiwu mafi muhimmanci shi ne ta yin amfani da matsayin neutron fis domin makaman nukiliya.

A girmamawa Pierre Curie a Radiology Congress a 1910, bayan mutuwar Physics an mai suna naúrar na radioactivity daidai 3.7 x 10 ¹⁰ disintegrations da biyu ko 37 gigabecquerels.

kimiyya daular

Yara da jikoki daga lissafin kimiyya sun kuma zama shahararren kimiyya. Su ya, Irene aure Frederika Zholio kuma a shekarar 1935 suka samu Nobel Prize a cikin sunadarai. A ƙaramin ya Eva, haife shi a shekara ta 1904, ya auri wani American jami'in diflomasiyyar kuma darektan yara na MDD ta Asusun. Ita ce ta wallafa na tarihin mahaifiyarta, "Madame Curie" (1938), ya fassara a cikin harsuna da dama.

Jikanyar - Helene Langevin-Joliot - ya zama wani farfesa na nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi a jami'ar Paris, da kuma jikansa - Pierre Joliot-Curie, kuma suna girmama na kakansa - sanannun Masanin.